Editing Crime of passion (section)

==Crimes of passion and attitudes towards women==
Crimes of passion are often committed against women due to beliefs about [[female sexuality]] and are often present in societies dominated by strong [[double standards]] related to male and female sexual behaviors, particularly related to premarital sex and adultery. Indeed, with regard to adultery, many societies, such as Latin American countries, have been dominated by very strong double standards regarding male and female adultery, with the latter being seen as a much more serious violation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19690828&id=zD0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=7328,4648572|title=The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309062837/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19690828&id=zD0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OSgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7328,4648572|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History, edited by Jose C. Moya, p. 387.</ref><ref>For Tranquility and Order: Family and Community on Mexico's Northern Frontier, 1800–1850, by Laura M. Shelton, pp. 76–87.</ref> Such ideas were also supported by laws in the West; for example, in the UK, before 1923, a man could divorce solely on the wife's adultery, but a woman had to prove additional fault (e.g., adultery ''and'' cruelty).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/changesindivorce/ |title=Changes in divorce: The 20th century - UK Parliament |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119234919/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/changesindivorce/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/split-pairs/ |title=Divorce since 1900 - UK Parliament |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119234924/https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/split-pairs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, passion defenses to domestic murders were often available to men who killed unfaithful wives, but not to women who killed unfaithful husbands (France's crime of passion law, that was in force until 1975, is an example). In traditional societies, women could not complain about [[Mistress (lover)|mistresses]], [[concubines]], and in many cultures even other wives (such as [[polygyny]]); whereas male sexual [[jealousy]] was recognized as the highest emotion that could justify even murder. Similarly, crimes of passion legislation made reference to fathers killing their daughters, but not sons, for premarital sex (such as Italy's law that was in effect until 1981); or [[Philippines]]'s law that continues to be in effect to this day (see Art. 247 called ''Death or physical injuries inflicted under exceptional circumstances''.<ref name="un.org">{{Cite web |title=An Act Revising The Penal Code And Other Penal Laws |url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212203328/https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref>). With regard to Philippines, this double standard is also seen in the crimes dealing with extramarital sex, which are defined differently for women and men, and punished more severely for women (see Articles 333 and 334<ref name="un.org"/>).

Historically, some societies considered homicide committed by a wife against her husband as a more severe crime than homicide committed by a husband against his wife. This was the case in the UK, where, under [[English law]], until 1828, homicide committed against a social superior, which included a wife killing her husband, was classified as [[petty treason]] (which for women incurred [[Burning of women in England|burning at stake]]) and was a crime more severe than murder, because it was seen as threatening the hierarchical social order. In England and Wales, petty treason ceased to be a distinct offence from murder by virtue of the [[Offences against the Person Act 1828]]. It was abolished in [[Ireland]] in 1829.<ref>9 Geo.4 c. 31, sections 1 and 3.</ref>

In the [[Roman Empire]] the Roman law ''[[Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis]]'' implemented by [[Augustus Caesar]] in 18 BC permitted the killing of daughters and their lovers who committed adultery at the hands of their fathers and also permitted the killing of the adulterous wife's lover at the hand of her husband.<ref name="Woolf2007">{{cite book|last1=Woolf|first1=Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=18BCE+flagrante|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|page=386|access-date=2021-09-17|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125171054/https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=18BCE+flagrante|url-status=live}}</ref>