Editing Cornish language (section)

=== Old Cornish ===
The area controlled by the southwestern Britons was progressively reduced by the expansion of [[Wessex]] over the next few centuries. During the Old Cornish ({{lang|kw|Kernewek Koth}}){{sfn|George|2009|p=343}} period (800–1200), the Cornish-speaking area was largely coterminous with modern-day [[Cornwall]], after the Saxons had taken over [[Devon]] in their south-westward advance, which probably was facilitated by a second migration wave to Brittany that resulted in the partial depopulation of Devon.{{sfn|Ball|Müller|2009|pp=410–468}}

[[File:Vocabularium Cornicum BL MS Cotton Vespasian A xiv 7r.jpg|thumb|right|The first page of {{lang|la-x-medieval|Vocabularium Cornicum}}, a 12th-century Latin-Cornish glossary]]

The earliest written record of the Cornish language comes from this period: a 9th-century [[Gloss (annotation)|gloss]] in a [[Latin]] [[manuscript]] of {{lang|la-x-medieval|[[Consolation of Philosophy|De Consolatione Philosophiae]]}} by [[Boethius]], which used the words {{lang|oco|ud rocashaas}}. The phrase may mean "it [the mind] hated the gloomy places",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/060615.shtml |title=Oxford scholars detect earliest record of Cornish |date=15 June 2006 |access-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925181724/http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/060615.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sims-Williams |first=P. |author-link=Patrick Sims-Williams |date=Winter 2005 |title=A New Brittonic Gloss on Boethius: ud rocashaas |journal=Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies |volume=50 |pages=77–86}}</ref> or alternatively, as [[Andrew Breeze]] suggests, "she hated the land".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Breeze |first=A. |date=1 December 2007 |title=The Old Cornish Gloss on Boethius |url=https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/notesj/gjm184 |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=367–368 |doi=10.1093/notesj/gjm184 |issn=0029-3970}}</ref> Other sources from this period include the ''Saints' List'', a list of almost fifty Cornish saints,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Olson |first=B. Lynette |date=1996 |title=Note: The tenth-century List of Cornish parochial saints' names in Codex Vaticanus Reg. Lat. 191 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.1996.0016 |journal=Parergon |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=179–181 |doi=10.1353/pgn.1996.0016 |s2cid=144542278 |issn=1832-8334}}</ref> the [[Bodmin manumissions]], which is a list of [[Manumission|manumittors]] and slaves, the latter with mostly Cornish names,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stokes |first=Whitley |title=The manumissions in the Bodmin Gospels |journal=Revue Celtique |volume=1 |pages=332–345}}</ref> and, more substantially, a Latin–Cornish glossary (the {{lang|la-x-medieval|[[Vocabularium Cornicum]]}} or Cottonian Vocabulary), a Cornish translation of [[Ælfric of Eynsham]]'s Latin–Old English Glossary,<ref>{{cite book |last=Blom |first=Alderik H. |title=Multilingualism in Medieval Britain (C. 1066-1520) |chapter=Multilingualism and the Vocabularium Cornicum |date=2012 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.tcne-eb.1.100793 |series=Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe |volume=15 |pages=59–71 |place=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols Publishers |doi=10.1484/m.tcne-eb.1.100793 |isbn=9782503542508 |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> which is thematically arranged into several groups, such as the [[Genesis creation narrative]], anatomy, church hierarchy, the family, names for various kinds of artisans and their tools, flora, fauna, and household items.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mills |first=Jon |date=2013 |title=The Vocabularium Cornicum: a Cornish vocabulary? |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zcph.2013.009/html |journal={{lang|de|Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie}} |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=141–150 |doi=10.1515/zcph.2013.009 |s2cid=161927698 |issn=1865-889X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Padel |first=Oliver |date=2014 |title=The nature and date of the Old Cornish Vocabulary |journal={{lang|de|Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie}} |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=191 |doi=10.1515/zcph.2014.009 |s2cid=164677429 |issn=1865-889X}}</ref> The manuscript was widely thought to be in [[Old Welsh]] until the 18th century when it was identified as Cornish by [[Edward Lhuyd]].{{sfn|Padel|2014}} Some Brittonic glosses in the 9th-century colloquy {{lang|la-x-medieval|[[De raris fabulis]]}} were once identified as Old Cornish, but they are more likely Old Welsh, possibly influenced by a Cornish scribe.<ref>{{citation |first=Alexander |last=Falileyev |title=De raris fabulis |encyclopedia=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |editor-first=John C. |editor-last=Koch |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |date=2006 |pages=575–577}}.
</ref> No single phonological feature distinguishes Cornish from both Welsh and Breton until the beginning of the [[assibilation]] of [[dental stop]]s in Cornish, which is not found before the second half of the eleventh century,{{sfn|Jackson|1953|p=21}} and it is not always possible to distinguish Old Cornish, Old Breton, and Old Welsh orthographically.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhri |first=Talat |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/828579430 |title=Studies in the consonantal system of Cornish |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of Wales]], Aberystwyth |pages=2–3 |oclc=828579430}}</ref>