Editing Corinthian order (section)

===Roman Corinthian order===
[[File:Temple of Vesta, built in the early 1st century BC on the acropolis of Tibur, Tivoli (14920855626).jpg|thumb|[[Bucrania]] with [[festoons]] decorating the [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli|Temple of Vesta]] from [[Hadrian's Villa]], Tivoli]]
[[File:Arco di Settimio Severo Roma 09feb08.jpg|thumb|Corinthian columns of the [[Arch of Septimius Severus]], in the [[Forum Romanum]]]]
[[File:Leptis Magna, Libya - panoramio - Jan Hazevoet (1).jpg|thumb|Corinthian columns of the [[Arch of Septimius Severus (Leptis Magna)|Arch of Septimius Severus]] in [[Leptis Magna]]]]

The style developed its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the [[Temple of Mars Ultor]] in the [[Forum of Augustus]] ({{circa|2 AD}}).<ref>Mark Wilson Jones, "Designing the Roman Corinthian order", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' 2:35-69 (1989).</ref> It was employed in southern Gaul at the [[Maison Carrée]], Nîmes and at the comparable [[Temple of Augustus and Livia]] at [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]]. Other prime examples noted by [[Mark Wilson Jones]] are the lower order of the [[Basilica Ulpia]] and the [[Arch of Trajan (Ancona)|Arch of Trajan]] at [[Ancona]] (both of the reign of [[Trajan]], 98–117 AD), the [[Column of Phocas]] (re-erected in [[Late Antiquity]] but 2nd century in origin), and the [[Temple of Bacchus]] at [[Baalbek]] ({{circa|150 AD}}).<ref>Jones 1989.</ref>

Proportion is a defining characteristic of the Corinthian order: the "coherent integration of dimensions and ratios in accordance with the principles of ''symmetria''" are noted by Mark Wilson Jones, who finds that the ratio of total column height to column-shaft height is in a 6:5 ratio, so that, secondarily, the full height of column with capital is often a multiple of 6 [[Roman foot|Roman feet]] while the column height itself is a multiple of 5. In its proportions, the Corinthian column is similar to the [[Ionic order|Ionic column]], though it is more slender, and stands apart by its distinctive carved capital.<ref name="D'EpiroPinkowish2010"/>

The [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]] upon the capital has concave sides to conform to the outscrolling corners of the capital, and it may have a rosette at the center of each side. Corinthian columns were erected on the top level of the Roman [[Colosseum]], holding up the least weight, and also having the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Their height to width ratio is about 10:1.<ref name="D'EpiroPinkowish2010">{{cite book|author1=Peter D'Epiro|author2=Mary Desmond Pinkowish|title=What are the Seven Wonders of the World?: And 100 Other Great Cultural Lists--Fully Explicated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLvDnZtJNJkC&pg=PA132|date=22 December 2010|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-49107-7|page=133}}</ref>

One variant is the Tivoli order, found at the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli. The Tivoli order's Corinthian capital has two rows of acanthus leaves and its abacus is decorated with oversize [[Fleuron (architecture)|fleurons]] in the form of hibiscus flowers with pronounced spiral pistils. The column flutes have flat tops. The frieze exhibits fruit [[festoon]]s suspended between [[bucrania]]. Above each festoon has a [[Rosette (design)|rosette]] over its center. The cornice does not have [[modillions]].