Editing Convergent evolution (section)

===Cladistics===
{{Main|Cladistics}}
In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more [[Taxon|taxa]] for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry. Taxa which do share ancestry are part of the same [[clade]]; cladistics seeks to arrange them according to their degree of relatedness to describe their [[phylogeny]]. Homoplastic traits caused by convergence are therefore, from the point of view of cladistics, confounding factors which could lead to an incorrect analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chirat |first1=R. |last2=Moulton |first2=D. E. |last3=Goriely |first3=A. |doi=10.1073/pnas.1220443110 |title=Mechanical basis of morphogenesis and convergent evolution of spiny seashells |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=6015–6020 |year=2013 |bibcode= 2013PNAS..110.6015C|pmid=23530223 |pmc=3625336|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lomolino et al">{{cite book|author1=Lomolino, M |author2=Riddle, B |author3=Whittaker, R |author4=Brown, J |title=Biogeography, Fourth Edition |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=978-0-87893-494-2 |page=426|year=2010 }}</ref><ref name=West-Eberhard>{{cite book |last=West-Eberhard |first=Mary Jane |author-link=Mary Jane West-Eberhard |title=Developmental Plasticity and Evolution |pages=353–376 |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512235-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanderson |first1=Michael J. |last2=Hufford |first2=Larry |title=Homoplasy: The Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWGNzeNmRUYC&pg=PA330 |year=1996 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-053411-4 |pages=330, and passim |access-date=2017-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214233633/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWGNzeNmRUYC&pg=PA330 |archive-date=2017-02-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>