Editing Congress of Vienna (section)

== Participants ==
[[File:Congress of Vienna.PNG|thumb | upright=1.8|
'''Delegates of the Congress of Vienna''' in a contemporary engraving by Jean Godefroy after the painting by Jean-Baptiste Isabey:
{{ordered list|item_style=margin-bottom:0
|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Britain}}: [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Portugal|1750|name=Portugal}}: [[Joaquim Lobo da Silveira|Joaquim Lobo Silveira, 7th Count of Oriola]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Portugal|1750|name=Portugal}}: [[António de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo]]
|{{Flag|SWE|naval|name=Sweden}}: [[Carl Löwenhielm|Count Carl Löwenhielm]]
|{{Flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}: {{ill|Louis Joseph Alexis, Comte de Noailles|fr|Louis Joseph Alexis de Noailles|vertical-align=sup}}
|{{Flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}: [[Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich]]
|{{Flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}: {{ill|Frédéric-Séraphin de La Tour du Pin Gouverne|fr|Frédéric-Séraphin de La Tour du Pin Gouvernet|vertical-align=sup}}
|{{Flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}: [[Karl Nesselrode|Count Karl Robert Nesselrode]]
|{{Flag|Kingdom of Portugal|1750|name=Portugal}}: [[Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela|Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Count of Palmela]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Britain}}: [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]]
|{{Flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}: [[Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg|Emmerich Joseph, Duke of Dalberg]]
|{{Flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}: [[Baron Johann von Wessenberg-Ampringen|Baron Johann von Wessenberg]]
|{{Flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}: [[Andrey Razumovsky|Prince Andrey Kirillovich Razumovsky]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Britain}}: [[Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry|Charles Stewart, 1st Baron Stewart]]
|{{Flag|ESP|1785|name=Spain}}: [[Pedro Gómez Labrador|Pedro Gómez Labrador, 1st Marquess of Labrador]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Britain}}: [[Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty|Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty]]
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Nikolaus von Wacken|de}} (Recorder)
|{{Flag|Austrian Empire|name=Austria}}: [[Friedrich von Gentz]] (Congress Secretary)
|{{Flag|Prussia|1803|name=Prussia}}: [[Wilhelm von Humboldt|Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt]]
|{{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Britain}}: [[William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart]]
|{{Flag|Prussia|1803|name=Prussia}}: [[Karl August von Hardenberg|Prince Karl August von Hardenberg]]
|{{Flag|Bourbon Restoration|name=France}}: [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]]
|{{Flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}}: [[Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg|Count Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg]]}}
]]
The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion of the Congress was conducted informally at salons, banquets, and balls.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rösch |first=Felix |date=2020-10-26 |title=Affect, practice, and change: Dancing world politics at the Congress of Vienna |journal=[[Cooperation and Conflict]] |volume=56 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=123–140 |doi=10.1177/0010836720954467 |issn=0010-8367 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== The four great powers and Bourbon France ===
Four great powers had previously formed the core of the [[Sixth Coalition]], a covenant of nations allied in the war against France. On the verge of Napoleon's defeat they had outlined their common position in the [[Treaty of Chaumont]] (March 1814), and negotiated the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)]] with the [[Bourbon dynasty|Bourbons]] during [[Bourbon Restoration in France|their restoration]]:{{sfn|Nicolson|1946|pp=118–133}}
* [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] was represented by [[Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich|Prince von Metternich]], the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, [[Baron Johann von Wessenberg-Ampringen|Baron Johann von Wessenberg]]. The Austrians sought to maintain the balance of power, while protecting the interests of the Conservative nations and rebuilding Austria's position diplomatically in Germany and Italy. As the Congress's sessions were in Vienna, Emperor [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis]] was kept closely informed.{{sfn|Kissinger|1957|pp=7–28}}
* The United Kingdom was represented first by its [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]], [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Viscount Castlereagh]]; then by the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], after Castlereagh's return to England in February 1815. The United Kingdom wanted to prevent the return of France as a superpower (and stop Russia from attaining that status). It also sought to promote the balance of power by protecting the rights of smaller nations. In the last weeks it was headed by the [[Richard Le Poer Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty|Earl of Clancarty]], after Wellington left to face Napoleon during the [[Hundred Days]].{{sfn|Kissinger|1957|pp=9–36}}
* Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister, Count [[Karl Robert Nesselrode]]. The tsar had two main goals, to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations, with Russia as the pre-eminent land power. He succeeded in forming the [[Holy Alliance]] (1815), based on monarchism and anti-secularism, and formed to combat any threat of revolution or republicanism.{{Sfn|Nicolson|1946 | p=158}}
* Prussia was represented by Prince [[Karl August von Hardenberg]], the Chancellor, and the diplomat and scholar [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]. The Prussians wanted to strengthen their position in Germany, particularly by annexing all of Saxony and parts of the Ruhr. King [[Frederick William III of Prussia]] was also in Vienna, playing his role behind the scenes.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Walter M. |last=Simon |title=Prince Hardenberg |journal=Review of Politics |volume=18 |issue=1 |date=1956 |pages=88–99 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500023597 |jstor=1404942}}</ref>
* [[France]], the "fifth" power, was represented by its foreign minister, [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, 1st Duke of Benevento]], as well as the Minister Plenipotentiary, [[Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg|Emmerich Joseph de Dalberg, 1st Duke of Dalberg]]. Talleyrand had already negotiated the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)]] for [[Louis XVIII of France]]. He sought to ensure that France rejoined the group of Great Powers, and avoided being dismembered by the occupying powers. Louis XVIII, however, distrusted him and was also secretly negotiating with Metternich, by mail.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Harold E. |last=Blinn |title=New Light on Talleyrand at the Congress of Vienna |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=4 |issue=2 |date=1935 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.2307/3633726|jstor=3633726 }}</ref>

=== The lesser powers, parties to the Treaty of Paris, 1814 ===
These parties had not been part of the [[Treaty of Chaumont|Chaumont agreement]], but had joined the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)]]:
* Spain – [[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador|''Don'' Pedro Gómez de Labrador, 1st Marquess of Labrador]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernard |first=J.F. |title=Talleyrand: A Biography |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |year=1973 |isbn=0-399-11022-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/talleyrand00jack |page=371 |ref={{SfnRef|Bernard}}}}</ref>
* Portugal – Plenipotentiaries: [[Pedro de Sousa Holstein|Pedro de Sousa Holstein, Count of Palmela]]; [[António de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo]]; [[Joaquim Lobo da Silveira, 7th Count of Oriola|Joaquim Lobo da Silveira]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Treaty between Great Britain and Portugal, January 22, 1815 |volume=5 George IV |publisher=His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers |year=1824 |location=London |page=650 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6uq3K0ULQgC&pg=PA652 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232228/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6uq3K0ULQgC&pg=PA652 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freksa |first=Frederick |translator-first=Harry |translator-last=Hansen |date=1919 |title=A peace congress of intrigue |publisher=The Century Co. |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NEoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n136 116] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NEoMAAAAYAAJ |quote=the congress of vienna. }}</ref>
* [[Sweden]] – Count [[Carl Löwenhielm]]{{Sfn|Bernard | page=381}}

=== Other nations ===
[[File:Bilderrevolution0271.jpg|thumb|Negotiations at the Congress of Vienna]]
* [[Denmark]] – Count [[Niels Rosenkrantz]], foreign minister.{{Sfn|Zamoyski|2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/ritesofpeacefall00zamo/page/297 297] |loc="[...] the Danish plenipotentiary Count Rosenkrantz."}} King [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]] was also present in Vienna.
* [[Netherlands]] – [[Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty|Earl of Clancarty]], the British Ambassador at the Dutch court,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Couvée |first1=D.H. |first2=G. |last2=Pikkemaat |title=1813–15, ons koninkrijk geboren |publisher=N. Samsom nv |year=1963 |location=Alphen aan den Rijn |pages=123–124}}</ref><ref>"[Castlereagh, during his stay in The Hague, in January 1813] induced the Dutch to leave their interests entirely in British hands" {{Harv|Nicolson|1946|p=65}}</ref> and Baron [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern|Hans von Gagern]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |year=1946 |title=The Congress of Vienna; a Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822 |publisher=Constable & Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190437/page/n221 197] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.190437 |quote=Baron von Gagern – one of the two plenipotentiaries for the Netherlands.}}</ref>
* [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|Switzerland]] – Every [[Cantons of Switzerland|canton]] had its own delegation. [[Charles Pictet de Rochemont]] from [[Geneva]] played a prominent role.{{Sfn|Nicolson|1946 | p=195}}
* [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] – Marquis {{Interlanguage link multi|Filippo Antonio Asinari di San Marzano|it}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Ilari | first1=Virgilio | last2=Shamà | first2=Davide | title=Dizionario Biografico dell'Armata Sarda | date=2008 | publisher=Widerholdt Frères | isbn=978-88-902817-9-2 | page=36}}</ref>
* The [[Papal States]] – [[Ercole Consalvi|Ercole Cardinal Consalvi]], [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Secretary of State of His Holiness]]{{Sfn|Zamoyski|2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/ritesofpeacefall00zamo/page/257 257] |loc="The Pope's envoy to Vienna, Cardinal Consalvi [...]."}}
* The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Order of St. John of Malta]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berlinghieri |first=Umberto Castagnino |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kEa02NuJekC |title=Congresso di Vienna e principio di legittimità: la questione del sovrano militare ordine di San Giovanni gerosolimitano, detto di Malta |date=2006 |publisher=Vita e Pensiero |isbn=978-88-343-1422-7 |language=it |access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408012357/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kEa02NuJekC |url-status=live}}</ref> – Fra' Antonio Miari, Fra' Daniello Berlinghieri and Fra' Augusto Viè de Cesarini<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassinis |first=Giovanni Battista |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8NfhV83Av4C&dq=%22miari%22+ordine+di+malta+%22congresso+di+vienna%22&pg=PA3 |title=Parere per l'ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme intorno all'intelligenza ed agli effetti dei decreti del parlamento siciliano del 5 agosto 1848 e del dittatore Garibaldi del 17 e 19 maggio 1860 |date=1862 |publisher=tipogr. V. Vercellino |language=it |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408010456/https://books.google.com/books?id=p8NfhV83Av4C&dq=%22miari%22+ordine+di+malta+%22congresso+di+vienna%22&pg=PA3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Innocenti |first1=Barbara |url=https://media.fupress.com/files/pdf/24/4348/15556 |title=In viaggio per il Congresso di Vienna: Lettere di Daniello Berlinghieri a Anna Martini con un percorso tra le fonti archivistiche in appendice |last2=Lombardi |first2=Marco |last3=Tourres |first3=Josianne |publisher=[[Firenze University Press]] |year=2020|location=Florence |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107041216/https://media.fupress.com/files/pdf/24/4348/15556|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Republic of Genoa]] – Marquise [[Agostino Pareto]], Senator of the Republic.
* [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Neri Corsini (1771–1845)|it| lt=Neri Corsini}}.{{Sfn|Bernard |page=409}}
* [[Kingdom of Sicily]] – [[Alvaro Ruffo della Scaletta]], [[Luigi de' Medici|Luigi de' Medici di Ottajano]], [[Antonio Maresca di Serracapriola]] and [[Fabrizio Ruffo di Castelcicala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruffo, Fabrizio, principe di Castelcicala in 'Dizionario Biografico' |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ruffo-fabrizio-principe-di-castelcicala_(Dizionario-Biografico) |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114103425/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ruffo-fabrizio-principe-di-castelcicala_(Dizionario-Biografico) |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maresca, Nicola in 'Dizionario Biografico' |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicola-maresca_(Dizionario-Biografico) |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=www.treccani.it |language=it-IT |archive-date=14 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114104433/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicola-maresca_(Dizionario-Biografico) |url-status=live}}</ref>
* On German issues:
** [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] – [[Maximilian von Montgelas|Maximilian Graf von Montgelas]]
** [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Georg Ernst Levin von Wintzingerode|de}}
** [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Hanover]], then in a personal union with the British crown – [[Ernst zu Münster|Graf Ernst zu Münster]]. (King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] had refused to recognize the dissolution of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1806 and maintained a separate diplomatic staff as [[Elector of Hanover]] to conduct the affairs of the family estate, the [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], until the results of the Congress were concluded establishing the [[Kingdom of Hanover]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}})
** [[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]] – {{Interlanguage link multi|Leopold von Plessen (diplomat, born 1769)|de| 3=Leopold von Plessen (Diplomat, 1769) | lt=Leopold von Plessen}}<ref>Fritz Apian-Bennewitz: ''Leopold von Plessen und die Verfassungspolitik der deutschen Kleinstaaten auf dem Wiener Kongress 1814/15.'' Eutin: Ivens 1933; Hochschulschrift: Rostock, Univ., Diss., 1933</ref>