Editing Confederate States of America (section)

===States===
Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both houses of Congress to accept them.<ref>"Thomas1979" pp. 59, 81</ref>

Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession.

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[[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky]] declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in, the state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter [[Confederate government of Kentucky]] relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy.<ref name="Why?">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/07/01/why-do-people-believe-myths-about-the-confederacy-because-our-textbooks-and-monuments-are-wrong/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 1, 2015 |author=James W. Loewen |title=Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong.}}</ref>

In [[Missouri in the American Civil War|Missouri]], a [[Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861–63)|constitutional convention]] was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89–1 on March 19, 1861.<ref>''Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861'', George Knapp & Co., 1861, p. 47</ref> The governor maneuvered to take control of the [[St. Louis Arsenal]] and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and the [[Missouri General Assembly|General Assembly]] from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government.<ref>Eugene Morrow Violette, ''A History of Missouri'' (1918), pp. 393–395</ref> The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in [[Neosho, Missouri|Neosho]] and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an [[Missouri secession|ordinance of secession]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/secessionacts.html|title=Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States|access-date=September 30, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308171406/http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/secessionacts.html|archive-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also, [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/misouord.htm Missouri's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190940/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/misouord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref> The Confederate state government was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then [[Cassville, Missouri|Cassville]], before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at [[Marshall, Texas]].<ref>{{cite book|author=A. C. Greene|title=Sketches from the Five States of Texas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeSi31_W8H4C&pg=PA27|year=1998|publisher=Texas A&M UP|pages=27–28|isbn=978-0890968536}}</ref>

Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilfred Buck Yearns|title=The Confederate Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rV-XNj4eJ3wC&pg=PA43|year=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|pages=42–43|isbn=978-0820334769}}</ref>

Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading:

{{Blockquote|As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence.<ref>McPherson p. 278</ref>}}

Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson:

{{Blockquote|The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary evidence&nbsp;... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact.<ref>Crofts p. 336</ref>... Many concluded&nbsp;... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery".<ref>Crofts pp. 337–338, quoting the North Carolina politician [[Jonathan Worth (Governor)|Jonathan Worth]] (1802–1869).</ref>}}

The order of secession resolutions and dates are:
:1. [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]] (December 20, 1860)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/scord.htm South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190955/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/scord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}. Also, {{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/southcar/south.html|title=South Carolina documents including signatories|publisher=Docsouth.unc.edu|access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>
:2. [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]] (January 9, 1861)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/msord.htm Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190945/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/msord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:3. [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]] (January 10)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/flord.htm Florida's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190920/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/flord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:4. [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]] (January 11)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/alord.htm Alabama's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190910/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/alord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:5. [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]] (January 19)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/gaord.htm Georgia's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190928/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/gaord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:6. [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]] (January 26)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/laord.htm Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190935/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/laord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:7. [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]] (February 1; referendum February 23)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/txordnan.htm Texas' Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191030/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/txordnan.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:* [[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|Inauguration of President Lincoln]], March 4
:* [[Battle of Fort Sumter|Bombardment of Fort Sumter]] (April 12) and [[Proclamation 80|President Lincoln's call-up]] (April 15)<ref>The text of [http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/lincoln-declares-war/ Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States]</ref>

:8. [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]] (April 17; referendum May 23, 1861)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/vaord.htm Virginia's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191039/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/vaord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}. Virginia took two steps toward secession, first by secession convention vote on April 17, 1861, and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23, 1861. A Unionist [[Restored government of Virginia]] also operated. Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861. The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19, 1861.</ref>
:9. [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]] (May 6)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/arord.htm Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190914/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/arord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>
:10. [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]] (May 7; referendum June 8)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/tnord.htm Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012191004/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/tnord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.</ref>
:11. [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] (May 20)<ref>The text of [http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/ncord.htm North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012190953/http://gen.1starnet.com/civilwar/ncord.htm |date=October 12, 2007 }}.</ref>

In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a [[Wheeling Convention|Convention]] in [[Wheeling, West Virginia#Industrialization and anti-secession sentiment|Wheeling]] in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a [[Restored government of Virginia|rump legislature]], but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of [[West Virginia in the American Civil War|West Virginia]], voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession.<ref>Curry, Richard Orr, ''A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia'', Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, p. 49</ref> In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%.<ref>Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown, ''West Virginia, A History'', Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56% with Bell 20,997, Douglas 5,742, and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908. But the "deeply divided sentiment" point remains.</ref> The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict.<ref>[http://www.wvculture.org/HISTORY/wvcivilwar.html The Civil War in West Virginia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015135703/http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcivilwar.html |date=October 15, 2004 }} "No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes."</ref><ref>Snell, Mark A., ''West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free'', History Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2011, p. 28</ref> Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war.<ref>Leonard, Cynthia Miller, ''The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 – January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members'', Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia, 1978, pp. 478–493</ref>

Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by counties in [[East Tennessee]] were checked by martial law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aotc.net/Marxen.htm |title=Marx and Engels on the American Civil War |publisher=Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas}} and {{cite web |url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/csaconstitutionbackground.htm |title=Background of the Confederate States Constitution |publisher= Civilwarhome.com}}</ref> Although slaveholding [[Delaware in the American Civil War#State of Delaware|Delaware]] and [[Maryland in the American Civil War|Maryland]] did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's [[Army of Northern Virginia]].<ref>Glatthaar, Joseph T., ''General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse'', 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-684-82787-2}}</ref> Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces.<ref name="Why?"/> Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens".<ref>Freedmen & Southern Society Project, [http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224131/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/chronol.htm |date=October 11, 2007 }}, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 4, 2012.</ref>