Editing Competition (section)

==Competitiveness==
Many [[philosopher]]s and [[psychologist]]s have identified a trait in most living organisms which can drive the particular organism to compete. This trait, called competitiveness, is viewed as having a high [[adaptive value]], which coexists along with the urge for survival.<ref name=":1" /> Competitiveness, or the inclination to compete, though, has become synonymous with aggressiveness and ambition in the [[English language]]. More advanced [[civilization]]s integrate aggressiveness and competitiveness into their [[Social interaction|interactions]], as a way to distribute resources and adapt. Many plants compete with neighboring ones for sunlight.

The term also applies to [[econometrics]]. Here, it is a comparative measure of the ability and performance of a firm or sub-sector to sell and produce/supply goods and/or services in a given market. The two academic bodies of thought on the assessment of competitiveness are the '''Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm''' and the more contemporary '''New Empirical Industrial Organisation''' model. Predicting changes in the competitiveness of business sectors is becoming an integral and explicit step in public policymaking. Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness.

===One-upmanship===
'''One-upmanship''', also called "one-upsmanship",<ref name="Merriam-Webster one-upmanship">{{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/one-upmanship |title=One-upmanship |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=2021-04-26 }}</ref> is the art or practice of successively outdoing a [[competitor]]. The term was first used in the title of a book by [[Stephen Potter]], published in 1952<ref>In full, ''One-Upmanship: Being Some Account of the Activities and Teachings of the Lifemanship Correspondence College of One-Upness and Games Lifemastery''.</ref> as a follow-up to ''The Theory and Practice of [[Gamesmanship]] (or the Art of Winning Games without Actually Cheating)'' (1947). Other ''Lifemanship'' titles in his series of [[tongue-in-cheek]] [[self-help book]]s, as well as film and television derivatives, teach various ploys to achieve this. This comic [[satire]] of [[self-help]] style guides manipulates traditional British conventions for the gamester. The principle being all life being a game, who understands that ''if you're not one-up, you're one-down.'' Potter's unprincipled principles apply to almost any possession, experience or situation, deriving maximum undeserved rewards and discomfitting the opposition. The 1960 film [[School for Scoundrels (1960 film)|''School for Scoundrels'']] and its [[School for Scoundrels (2006 film)|2006 remake]] were satiric portrayals of how to use Potter's ideas.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

In that context, the term refers to a satiric course in the [[gambit]]s required for the systematic and conscious practice of "creative intimidation", making one's associates feel inferior and thereby gaining the status of being "one-up" on them. Viewed seriously, it is a phenomenon of [[group dynamics]] that can have significant effects in the [[management]] field: for instance, manifesting in [[office politics]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Wiley CIAexcel Exam Review 2015 |first1=S. Rao |last1=Vallabhaneni |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-119-09431-9 |page=326 |chapter=Organizational Politics}}</ref>