Editing Community of Madrid (section)

==History==

===Prehistory ===
[[File:Campaniforme Ciempozuelos (M.A.N. Inv.32252) 01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Prehistoric vessel from [[Ciempozuelos]], exhibited at the [[National Archaeological Museum of Spain|National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid]]]]
The territory of the Community of Madrid has been populated since the [[Lower Paleolithic]], mainly in the valleys between the rivers of [[Manzanares (river)|Manzanares]], [[Jarama]], and [[Henares]], where several archaeological findings have been made.

Some notable discoveries of the region the bell-shaped vase of Ciempozuelos (between 1970 and 1470 BCE),<ref>[http://www.ayto-ciempozuelos.org/historia/edad_media1.html La Prehistoria en Ciempozuelos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511184355/http://www.ayto-ciempozuelos.org/historia/edad_media1.html |date=2006-05-11 }}</ref> from the [[Bell beaker culture]].

=== Romans and Visigoths ===
[[File:ComplutumEstaciones.jpg|thumb|upright|A mosaic of the House of Dionysus in [[Complutum]]]]
During the [[Roman Empire]], the region was part of the [[Citerior Tarraconese]] province, except for the south-west portion of it, which belonged to [[Lusitania]]. It was crossed by two important Roman roads, the ''via xxiv-xxix'' (joining [[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]] to [[Laminium]] and ''via xxv'' (which joined [[Emerita Augusta]] and [[Caesaraugusta]]), and contained some important conurbations. The city of [[Complutum]] (today [[Alcalá de Henares]]) became an important metropolis, whereas [[Titulcia]] and [[Miaccum]] were important crossroad communities.

During the period of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], the region lost its importance. The population was scattered amongst several small towns. Complutum was designated the bishopric seat in the 5th century by orders of Asturio, archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Toledo]], but this event was not enough to bring back the lost splendor of the city.

===Al-Andalus===
The centre of the peninsula (the Middle Mark of [[Al-Andalus]] or ''aṯ-Ṯaḡr al-Awsaṭ'') became a strategic military post in the 11th century. The Muslim rulers created a defensive system of fortresses and towers all across the region with which they tried to stop the advance of the Christian kingdoms of the north.

The fortress of ''Mayrit'' (Madrid) was built somewhere between 860 and 880 AD, as a walled precinct where a military and religious community lived, and which constituted the foundation of the city. It soon became the most strategic fortress in defense of the city of Toledo above the fortresses of [[Talamanca de Jarama|Talamanca]] and Qal'-at'-Abd-Al-Salam (Alcalá de Henares). In 1083 (or 1085) [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] took the city of Madrid in the context of his wider campaign to conquer Toledo.{{Sfn|Montoliú Camps|1996|p=56}} Alcalá de Henares fell in 1118 in a new period of Castilian annexation.

[[File:Muralla y barbacana de Buitrago del Lozoya.jpg|thumb|right|City walls of [[Buitrago del Lozoya]]]]

===Christian repopulation===
The recently conquered lands by the Christian kingdoms were desegregated into several constituencies, as a consequence of a long process of repopulation that took place over the course of four centuries. The feudal and ecclesiastical lords came into constant conflict with the different councils that had been granted the authority to repopulate.

[[File:España - Manzanares El Real - Castillo de Manzanares el Real 003.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[New Castle of Manzanares el Real|Castle of Manzanares el Real]]]]
In the 13th century, Madrid was the only town of the current-day region that preserved its own juridical personality,{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} at first with the Old ''[[Fuero]]'' (Charter) and later with the Royal ''Fuero'', granted by [[Alfonso X of Castile]] in 1262 and ratified by [[Alfonso XI of Castile|Alfonso XI]] in 1339. On the other hand, the town of [[Buitrago del Lozoya]], Alcalá de Henares and [[Talamanca de Jarama]], which were rapidly repopulated until that century, were under the dominion of the feudal or ecclesiastical lords. Specifically, Alcalá de Henares was under the hands of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|archbishopric of Toledo]] and remained so until the 19th century.

Around the town of Madrid, an administrative territory was created known as ''Tierra de Madrid'' (Land of Madrid), the origin of the province that included the areas of the current municipalities of San Sebastián de los Reyes, Cobeña, Las Rozas de Madrid, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Torrejón de Velasco, Alcorcón, San Fernando de Henares, and Griñón.

Madrid was in constant strife with the powerful council of [[Segovia]], whose jurisdiction extended south of the [[Guadarrama Mountains]]; they both fought for the control of the Real de Manzanares, a large [[Comarcas of Spain|comarca]] (shire) that was finally given to the [[House of Mendoza]].

Castilian monarchs showed a predilection for the center of the peninsula, with abundant forests and game. ''El Pardo'' was a region visited frequently by kings since the time of [[Henry III of Castile|Henry III]], in the 14th century. The [[Catholic Monarchs]] started the construction of the [[Royal Palace of Aranjuez]].{{dubious|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brebbia|first=C. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTozDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Catholic+Monarchs+started+the+construction+of+the+Royal+Palace+of+Aranjuez.&pg=PA336|title=Water and Society IV|date=2017-08-30|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-78466-185-4|language=en}}</ref> In the 16th century, [[San Lorenzo de El Escorial]] was built and became another royal site of the province.

===Early modern period===
[[File:Dibujo madrid 1562.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Panoramic view of Madrid, a 16th-century work by [[Anton van den Wyngaerde]]]]
The town of Madrid, which was one of the eighteen cities with the right to vote in the [[Cortes of Castile]], was seat of the Courts themselves on several occasions and was the residence of several monarchs, amongst them the emperor [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]] who reformed and expanded the ''Alcázar'' or Castle of the city. Alcalá de Henares grew in importance as cultural center since the foundation by the [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros|Cardinal Cisneros]] of [[University of Alcalá de Henares|its university]].

[[File:Felipe II, con sus arquitectos, inspecciona las obras de El Escorial (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|[[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] supervises the works on [[El Escorial]] (by [[Luca Giordano]]).]]
In 1561, King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] made Madrid the capital of the [[Spanish empire|Hispanic Monarchy]]. The surrounding territories became economically subordinated to the town itself, even beyond the present day limits of the Community of Madrid. But it was not a unified region as several lords and churches had jurisdiction over their own autonomous territories.

During the 18th century, the fragmented administration of the region was not solved despite several attempts. During the reign of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], the ''intendencia'' was created as a political and administrative division. Nonetheless, the ''intendencia'' of Madrid did not fully solve the problem, and the region was still fragmented into several small dominions even though some processes were centralized. This territorial dispersion had a negative effect on its economic growth; while the town of Madrid received economic resources from the entire country as the capital, the surrounding territories—in hands of noblemen or the clergy—became impoverished.

During the eighteenth century, the town of Madrid was transformed through several grandiose buildings and monuments as well as through the creation of many social, economic, and cultural institutions, some of which are still operating. Madrid grew to a population of 156,672 inhabitants by the end of the eighteenth century.

=== Province ===
[[File:Fabricación de tinajones en Colmenar de Oreja (Ulpiano Checa.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Manufacturing of big clay pots in [[Colmenar de Oreja]] (by [[Ulpiano Checa]])]]
The current territory of the region was roughly defined with the [[1833 territorial division of Spain|1833 reorganization of Spain into provinces]] promoted by [[Javier de Burgos]], in which the province of Madrid was classified in the region of [[New Castile (Spain)|New Castile]] (lacking the later any sort of administrative institution at the regional level nonetheless). The government institution at the provincial level was the [[Provincial deputation (Spain)|deputation]] (''diputación''). In addition to the former body, another provincial political authority was the [[civil governor]] discretionarily designated by the central government. Two modest changes to the 1833 provincial boundaries that concerned Madrid took place shortly before 1845, when Aranjuez (187&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>)  left the [[province of Toledo]] and joined that of Marid, and in 1850, when the small municipality of [[Valdeavero]] (19&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), until then part of the [[province of Guadalajara]], joined the province of Madrid.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1990|pp=403; 406}}

[[File:Canal de Isabel II. Puente-acueducto de la Sima, Charles Clifford.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Construction of the bridge-aqueduct of the chasm, part of the [[Canal de Isabel II]] in 1854 (by [[Charles Clifford (photographer)|Charles Clifford]])]]

One of the limits so far for the growth of the capital, water supply, experienced a substantial change in 1858 following the arrival to the city of Madrid of water from the [[Lozoya River]] with the inauguration of the bringing of the [[Canal de Isabel II]].{{Sfn|Bahamonde Magro|Fernández García|2008|p=489}}
[[File:Ericsson factory in Getafe, Spain - Manufacturing of telephone lines (1924).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Female workers in a phone-line factory managed by [[Ericsson]] in Getafe (1924)]]

In decadence since the middle 18th century, the city of [[Alcalá de Henares]], experienced a relative demographic and economic upturn in the second half of the 19th century, based on its newly acquired condition of military outpost, to which an embryonic industrial nucleus was also added.{{Sfn|Gómez Mendoza|2008|pp=625-628}}

During the reign of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] the south of the province was made up of small agricultural settlements of limited population. Among them, Getafe stood out in population,{{Sfn|García Alcalá|2008|p=650}} and became the seat of a [[Judicial districts of Spain|judicial district]] in 1834,{{Sfn|García Alcalá|2008|p=652}} with the main economic activity of the former jurisdiction still being non-irrigated agriculture.{{Sfn|García Alcalá|2008|p=652}} [[Rail transport]] arrived in 1851, with the [[Strawberry train]], the railway connecting Madrid and [[Aranjuez]].
[[File:Edificio de la Diputación Provincial de Madrid 1939.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Ruins of the headquarters of the provincial deputation in 1939]]

During the [[Spanish Civil War]] (1936–1939), the territory was divided by the battlefront, with the southwest of the province controlled by the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|rebel faction]], and the capital as well as a great part of the rest of the province by the [[Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)|side loyal to the Republic]]. The city of Madrid was target of many bombings during the conflict, becoming the first big city in Europe to suffer such systematic and massive air attacks.{{Sfn|Sánchez Pérez|2008|p=555}}

Since the 1970s, a process of a population transfer from the capital to the rest of municipalities of the metropolitan area emerged. This process accelerated when the autonomous community was founded, and it took place along a strong decrease of birth rates.{{Sfn|Fernández García|2008|p=733}}

=== Autonomous community ===
The creation of the contemporary Community of Madrid was preceded by an intense political debate. Autonomous communities were to be created by one or more provinces with a distinct regional identity. Since the 1833 provincial organization, Madrid was part of the [[historical region]] of [[New Castile (Spain)|New Castile]] along with the provinces of Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca and Ciudad Real. Thus, it was first planned that the province of Madrid would be part of the future community of [[Castile–La Mancha]] (which was roughly similar to New Castile, with the addition of [[Province of Albacete|Albacete]]) but with some special considerations as the home of the national capital.<ref name=sinopsis>Sid, Blanca. [http://narros.congreso.es/constitucion/estatutos/sinopsis.jsp?com=74 Sinópsis del estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad de Madrid] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211230846/http://narros.congreso.es/constitucion/estatutos/sinopsis.jsp?com=74 |date=2009-12-11 }}. Gestión Parlamentaria de la Asamblea de la Comunidad de Madrid. Accessed on: 2008-04-08</ref> The other provinces that were to become part of Castile–La Mancha expressed fears of inequality if Madrid were associated with them. These provinces opposed such a special status, and after considering other options for Madrid—like its inclusion in the community of Castile and León or its constitution as an entity similar to a [[federal district]]<ref name=sinopsis/>—it was decided that the province of Madrid would become a single-province autonomous community by virtue of Article 144 of the Constitution, which empowers the Cortes to create an autonomous community in the "nation's interest" even if it did not satisfy the requirement of having a distinct historical identity. Thus, in 1983, the Community of Madrid was constituted and a [[Statute of Autonomy]] was approved taking over all the competences of the old "''Diputación Provincial''" and the new ones the Statute considered.
[[File:Anochecer en Las Tablas (17654810741).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.85|Sunset in Las Tablas in 2015]]
During the first 25 years of the "autonomic" period, this autonomous community accounted for the biggest [[economic growth]] in Spain, becoming a platform for the internationalisation of the [[Spanish economy]],{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|p=753}} featuring a marked preponderance of the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]].{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|pp=756-757}} By the turn of the 21st century, a strong boost to the [[Construction|construction sub-sector]] also took place.{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|pp=757-758}} During this period the Community of Madrid stood out due to its role as centre for welcoming immigration,{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|pp=761}} due to its condition as transport node vis-à-vis the Spanish geography,{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|pp=762}} and due to its condition as scientific and cultural centre of the country.{{sfn|García Delgado|Carrera Troyano|2008|pp=763-764}}