Editing Commonwealth of the Philippines (section)

=== Creation ===
{{See also|1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election}}
[[File:Manuel Quezon LCCN2011647833 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright|President [[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Luis Quezon]] of the Philippines]]
[[File:Signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth, 23 March 1935.jpg|thumb|left|''March 23, 1935'': Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: [[George H. Dern]], President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Manuel L. Quezon]]]]
The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act]] with the premise of granting [[Filipinos]] independence. Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.<ref name="US-influence">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines, The period of U.S. influence |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23717/Philippines |access-date=February 10, 2007 |edition=online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205150116/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23717/Philippines |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039248/Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act |access-date=February 10, 2007 |edition=online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044428/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039248/Hare-Hawes-Cutting-Act |archive-date=March 12, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> When it reached him for a possible signature, President [[Herbert Hoover]] vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections.<ref>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|Guerrero|1970|pp=345–346}}</ref> The bill, however, was opposed by then-Philippine Senate President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] and was also rejected by the [[Philippine Senate]].{{Sfn|Seekins|1993|pp=38–39}}

This led to the creation and passing of the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]<ref group="lower-alpha">Officially, the [http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm Philippine Independence Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611111931/http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm |date=June 11, 2011 }}; {{USPL|73|127}}; approved on March 24, 1934.</ref> or the Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.<ref name="US-influence" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Tydings-McDuffie Act |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073977/Tydings-McDuffie-Act |access-date=February 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016184551/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073977/Tydings-McDuffie-Act |archive-date=October 16, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of the Tydings-McDuffie Act |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611111931/http://www.chanrobles.com/tydingsmcduffieact.htm |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2007 |publisher=The ChanRobles Group}}</ref>

A Constitutional Convention was convened in [[Manila]] on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on March 25, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.<ref>{{Citation |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html |year=1935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522092815/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html |publisher=The corpus juris |archive-date=May 22, 2009}}.</ref>{{sfn|Zaide|1994|pp=317–318}}

On September 16, 1935,<ref name=InaugurationDate /> [[1935 Philippine presidential election|presidential elections]] were held. Candidates included former president [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], [[Philippine Independent Church]] leader [[Gregorio Aglipay]], and others. Manuel L. Quezon and [[Sergio Osmeña]] of the [[Nacionalista Party]] were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.<ref name="US-influence" />

The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the [[Old Legislative Building (Manila)|Legislative Building]] in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.<ref name=InaugurationDate />