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===Civil War and Reconstruction=== {{Main|Battle of Columbus (1865)}} [[File:Redd House Columbs Georgia.jpg|thumb|Redd House, Columbus, [[Historic American Buildings Survey]]|left]][[File:Rebels Rally.jpg|left|thumb|An 1863 [[broadside (printing)|broadside]] published in Columbus warning of an impending attack]] When the [[American Civil War]] broke out in 1861, the industries of Columbus expanded their production; this became one of the most important centers of industry in the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. During the war, Columbus ranked second only to the Confederate capital city of [[Richmond, Virginia]] in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. The Eagle Manufacturing Company made various textiles, especially woolens for Confederate uniforms. The Columbus Iron Works manufactured cannons and machinery for the nearby [[Confederate Navy]] shipyard, Greenwood and Gray made firearms, and Louis and Elias Haimon produced swords and bayonets. Smaller firms provided additional munitions and sundries. As the war turned in favor of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]], each industry faced exponentially growing shortages of raw materials and skilled labor, as well as worsening financial opportunities.<ref>Stewart C. Edwards, "'To do the manufacturing for the South': Private Industry in Confederate Columbus." ''Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 85.4 (2001): 538–554.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McQuarrie |first1=Gary |last2=Chatelain |first2=Neil P. |title=Confederate Shipyards |url=https://civilwarnavy.com/confederate-shipyards/ |website=Civil War Navy |date=February 5, 2018 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> Unaware of [[Battle of Appomattox Court House#Surrender|Lee's surrender]] to Grant and the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]], Union and Confederates clashed in the [[Battle of Columbus, Georgia]], on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a Union detachment of two cavalry divisions under Maj. Gen. [[James H. Wilson]] attacked the lightly defended city and burned many of the industrial buildings. [[John Pemberton|John Stith Pemberton]], who later developed [[Coca-Cola]] in Columbus, was wounded in this battle. Col. [[Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar]], owner of the [[The Wanderer (slave ship)|last slave ship]] in America, was also killed here. A historic marker erected in Columbus notes that this was the site of the "Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865". [[File:Georgia - Columbus - NARA - 23937057 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bibb City Mill, 1939|left]] [[File:Georgia - Columbus - NARA - 23937055 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Harpers Mill, 1939|left]] [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]] began almost immediately and prosperity followed. Factories such as the [[Eagle & Phenix Dam|Eagle and Phenix Mills]] were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth, causing the city to outgrow its original plan. The [[Springer Opera House]] was built during this time, attracting such notables as Irish writer [[Oscar Wilde]]. The Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia. By the time of the [[Spanish–American War]], the city's modernization included the addition of a new [[Water supply|waterworks]], as well as [[Tram|trolleys]] extending to outlying neighborhoods such as Rose Hill and Lakebottom. Mayor Lucius Chappell also brought a training camp for soldiers to the area. This training camp, named Camp Benning, grew into present-day [[Fort Benning]], named for General [[Henry L. Benning]], a native of the city. Fort Benning was one of the [[List of U.S. Army installations named for Confederate soldiers|ten U.S. Army installations]] named for former Confederate generals that were renamed on 11 May 2023, following a recommendation from the congressionally mandated [[The Naming Commission|Naming Commission]] that Fort Benning be renamed ''Fort Moore'' after Lieutenant General [[Hal Moore]] and his wife [[Julia Compton Moore]], both of whom are buried on post. On 3 March 2025, the Secretary of Defense ordered that the name of Fort Moore be reverted to Fort Benning. The new name pays tribute to Corporal [[Fred G. Benning]], who was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for his extraordinary heroism in action during World War I with the U.S. Army in France in 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wrbl.com/news/fort-moore-renamed-back-to-fort-benning/ |title=Fort Moore renamed back to Fort Benning)|date=March 3, 2025}}. Retrieved March 7, 2025.</ref> [[File:Downtowncolumbus ga.gif|thumb|[[Downtown Columbus, Georgia|Downtown Columbus]] in the early 1950s]]
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