Editing Color confinement (section)

==Models exhibiting confinement==
In addition to [[Quantum Chromodynamics|QCD]] in four spacetime dimensions, the two-dimensional [[Schwinger model]] also exhibits confinement.<ref name="Wilson 1974">
{{cite journal
 |last=Wilson |first=Kenneth G.
 |date=1974
 |title=Confinement of Quarks
 |journal=Physical Review D
 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=2445–2459 
 |bibcode=1974PhRvD..10.2445W
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.10.2445
}}</ref> Compact [[Abelian group|Abelian]] [[gauge theory|gauge theories]] also exhibit confinement in 2 and 3 spacetime dimensions.<ref>
{{Cite book
 |last1=Schön |first1=Verena
 |last2=Michael |first2=Thies
 |date=2000
 |chapter=2d Model Field Theories at Finite Temperature and Density (Section 2.5)
 |editor-last=Shifman |editor-first=M.
 |title=At the Frontier of Particle Physics
 |pages=1945–2032
 |arxiv=hep-th/0008175
 |bibcode=2001afpp.book.1945S
 |doi=10.1142/9789812810458_0041
 |citeseerx=10.1.1.28.1108
 |isbn=978-981-02-4445-3
|s2cid=17401298
 }}</ref> Confinement has been found in elementary excitations of magnetic systems called [[spinon]]s.<ref name="Lake et al, 2009">
{{cite journal
 |last1=Lake |first1=Bella
 |last2=Tsvelik |first2=Alexei M.
 |last3=Notbohm |first3=Susanne
 |last4=Tennant |first4=D. Alan
 |last5=Perring |first5=Toby G.
 |last6=Reehuis |first6=Manfred 
 |last7=Sekar |first7=Chinnathambi 
 |last8=Krabbes |first8=Gernot 
 |last9=Büchner |first9=Bernd 
 |date=2009
 |title=Confinement of fractional quantum number particles in a condensed-matter system
 |journal=[[Nature Physics]]
 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=50–55
 |arxiv=0908.1038
 |bibcode=2010NatPh...6...50L
 |doi=10.1038/nphys1462
|s2cid=18699704
 }}</ref>

If the [[Higgs mechanism|electroweak symmetry breaking]] [[Electroweak scale|scale]] were lowered, the unbroken SU(2) interaction would eventually become confining.  Alternative models where SU(2) becomes confining above that scale are quantitatively similar to the [[Standard Model]] at lower energies, but dramatically different above symmetry breaking.<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Claudson
 |first1=M.
 |last2=Farhi
 |first2=E.
 |last3=Jaffe
 |first3=R. L.
 |title=Strongly coupled standard model
 |journal=Physical Review D
 |date=1 August 1986
 |volume=34
 |issue=3
 |pages=873–887
 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.34.873
 |pmid=9957220
|bibcode=1986PhRvD..34..873C
 }}</ref>