Editing Coffea (section)

== Research ==
New species of ''Coffea'' are still being identified in the 2000s. In 2008 and 2009, researchers from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], named seven from the mountains of northern [[Madagascar]], including ''[[Coffea ambongensis|C. ambongensis]]'', ''[[Coffea boinensis|C. boinensis]]'', ''[[Coffea labatii|C. labatii]]'', ''[[Coffea pterocarpa|C. pterocarpa]]'', ''[[Coffea bissetiae|C. bissetiae]]'', and ''[[Coffea namorokensis|C. namorokensis]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven species of wild coffee amongst Kew's haul of new discoveries |work=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |date=22 December 2009 |url=https://www.kew.org/discover/news/seven-species-wild-coffee-amongst-kews-haul-new-discoveries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830012109/https://www.kew.org/discover/news/seven-species-wild-coffee-amongst-kews-haul-new-discoveries |archive-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2008, two new species were discovered in [[Cameroon]]: ''[[Coffea charrieriana]]'', which is caffeine-free, and ''[[Coffea anthonyi]]''.<ref name=cameroon>{{cite journal |last1=Stoffelen |first1=Piet |last2=Noirot |first2=Michel |last3=Couturon |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Anthony |first4=François |year=2008 |title=A new caffeine-free coffee from Cameroon. |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=67–72 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00845.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> By crossing the new species with other known coffees, two new features might be introduced to cultivated coffee plants: beans without [[caffeine]] and [[self-pollination]].

In 2011, ''Coffea'' absorbed the twenty species of the former genus ''Psilanthus'' due to the morphological and genetic similarities between the two genera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=A.P. |last2=Tosh |first2=J. |last3=Ruch |first3=N. |last4=Fay |first4=M.F. |title=Growing coffee: ''Psilanthus'' (Rubiaceae) subsumed on the basis of molecular and morphological data; implications for the size, morphology, distribution and evolutionary history of ''Coffea'' |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2011 |volume=167 |issue=4 |pages=357–377 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01177.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Historically, the two have been considered distinct genera due to differences in the length of the [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] tube and the [[anther]] arrangement: ''Coffea'' with a short corolla tube and exserted style and anthers; ''Psilanthus'' with a long corolla tube and included anthers. However, these characteristics were not present in all species of either respective genus, making the two genera overwhelmingly similar in both morphology and genetic sequence. This transfer expanded ''Coffea'' from 104 species to 124, and extended its native distribution to tropical Asia and Australasia.

The coffee [[genome]] was published in 2014, with more than 25,000 [[gene]]s identified. This revealed that coffee plants make caffeine using a different set of genes from those found in [[tea]], [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] and other such plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |title=Coffee got its buzz by a different route than tea |journal=Nature |date=4 September 2014 |s2cid=168085931 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15832}}</ref>

A robust and almost fully resolved phylogeny of the entire genus was published in 2017.<ref name="HamoGrov17" /> In addition to resolving the relationships of ''Coffea'' species, this study's results suggest Africa or Asia as the likely ancestral origin of Coffea and point to several independent radiations across Africa, Asia, and the Western Indian Ocean Islands.

In 2020, a technique of DNA fingerprinting, or genetic authentication of plant material, was proven effective for coffee.<ref name="Pruvot-Woehl">{{cite journal |last1=Pruvot-Woehl |first1=Solène |last2=Krishnan |first2=Sarada |last3=Solano |first3=William |last4=Schilling |first4=Tim |last5=Toniutti |first5=Lucile |last6=Bertrand |first6=Benoit |last7=Montagnon |first7=Christophe |title=Authentication of Coffea arabica Varieties through DNA Fingerprinting and its Significance for the Coffee Sector |url=https://academic.oup.com/jaoac/article/103/2/325/5809455 |journal=Journal of AOAC International |issn=1060-3271 |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=325–334 |date=2020-04-01 |access-date=2021-04-01 |pmid=33241280 |doi=10.1093/jaocint/qsz003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For the study, scientists used DNA extraction and [[Microsatellite|SSR]] marker analysis. This technique or similar ones may allow for several improvements to coffee production such as improved information for farmers as to the susceptibility of their coffee plants to pests and disease, a professionalized coffee seed system, and transparency and traceability for buyers of green, un-roasted coffee.