Editing Coalition (section)

== Use ==

=== Government and politics === 
{{see also|Coalition government}}
{{party politics}} 
[[Coalition government]] is an alternative model to a [[majority government]], the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all [[first-past-the-post]] electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences|last=Darity|first=William|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2008|isbn=978-0028659657|location=USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/coalition|title=coalition Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=5 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026072626/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/coalition|archive-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in [[parliamentary systems]], they can also form in divisions of power.{{Clarify|reason=What system is a division of power?|date=July 2023}} Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with the formation of multiparty [[cabinets]] in parliamentary regimes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|author-link1=Josep Colomer|last=Colomer|first=Josep|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2011|isbn=9781412959636|editor-last=Badie|editor-first=Bertrand|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=287|editor-last2=Berg-Schlosser|editor-first2=Dirk|editor-last3=Morlino|editor-first3=Leonardo}}</ref> In Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War{{Snd}}an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and the presence or lack of a [[dominant party]].<ref name=":2" />

Coalitions are similar to [[parliamentary group]]s. Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the [[European Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aei.pitt.edu/97364/1/wp75_marie.pdf |title=European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past? |first=Awenig |last=Marié |date=2019 }}</ref> and [[Federal Assembly (Switzerland)|Swiss parliament]] to pass legislation.

=== International relations ===
[[Image:Diagrama BASIC, BRICS, G5, IBAS.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of some international coalitions established by {{flag|Brazil}}, {{flag|China}}, {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Mexico}}, {{flag|Russia}} and {{flag|South Africa}}: [[BASIC countries|BASIC]], [[BRICS]], [[Group of Five|G5]] and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]]]]
The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in [[international relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|title=Coalition POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|last=Fogarty|first=Edward|date=February 7, 2013|website=www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428145302/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coalition|archive-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics.<ref name="foo-bar">{{cite journal|last2=McDermott|first2=Rose|last3=Petersen|first3=Michael Bang|date=Fall 2011|title=States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and International Politics|journal=International Security|volume=36|pages=48–83|doi=10.1162/ISEC_a_00056|last1=Lopez|first1=Anthony C.|number=2|s2cid=57562816}}</ref> A coalition can be an ''[[ad hoc]]'' grouping of nations united for specific purposes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuAABAAAQBAJ&q=a+coalition+can+be+an+%27'ad+hoc%27'+grouping+of+nations+united+for+specific+purposes.&pg=PT122|title=Essential Concepts Of Global Environmental Governance|last2=Orsini|first2=Amandine|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-82246-6|location=New York, NY|last1=Morin|first1=Jean-Frédéric|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish the same task.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Whittier|first2=Nancy|date=May 1994|title=Social Movement Spillover|url=https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Stratification%20(Politics%20and%20Social%20Movements)%20Copies%20of%20Articles%20from%202009/Meyer-SocialProblems-1994.pdf|journal=Society for the Study of Social Problems|last1=Meyer|first1=David|volume=41|issue=2|pages=277–298|access-date=26 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152135/https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Stratification%20(Politics%20and%20Social%20Movements)%20Copies%20of%20Articles%20from%202009/Meyer-SocialProblems-1994.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2017|doi=10.2307/3096934|jstor=3096934}}</ref> The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together. [[Rationality]], [[group dynamics]], and [[gender]] are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an [[international security]] framework.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Enayati Hatkehlui|first2=B.|last3=Kazemi|first3=A.|date=2014|title=The Relationship between Organizational Culture Factors and Employees' Group Dynamics: Case Study of General Office of Education in Mazandaran Province|url=http://mgmt.iaufb.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=10719|journal=Journal of Industrial Strategic Management|volume=11|issue=35|pages=35–48|last1=Kazemi|first1=S.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100431/http://mgmt.iaufb.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=10719|archive-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>

=== Economics ===
Economic agents can form coalitions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU3WSYH2kdUC&q=Economic+agents+can+form+coalitions.&pg=PA81|title=The Endogenous Formation of economic coalitions|date=2003|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing Limited|isbn=1-84376265-X|location=Northhampton Massachusetts|last1=Carlo|first1=Carraro|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come together temporarily to achieve a goal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coalition.html|title=What is a coalition? definition and meaning|website=business dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429000134/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coalition.html|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref> One example would be the 1997 deal between [[Microsoft]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $150 million.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0806/|title=August 6, 1997: Apple Rescued — by Microsoft|last=ABELL|first=JOHN|date=August 6, 2009|magazine=Wired|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212929/http://www.wired.com/2009/08/dayintech_0806/|archive-date=2016-03-07|url-status=live}}</ref> Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of the same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g. [[trade agreements]] or international [[environmental agreements]]) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using [[game theory]].

=== Civil society ===
In [[civil society]], a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating a point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=0bab5a4f-60d7-4a9e-9ed9-d3852566e2cd%40sessionmgr120&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.454076221&db=edsgij|title=CNN Wire. June 2, 2016|work=CNN Newsource Sales, Inc.}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The formation of coalitions such as the [[Community-Labor Coalition]] have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/101/simmons.html|title=Community Labor Coalitions|last=Pitcoff|first=Winton|website=www.nhi.org|date=September 1998|access-date=2017-04-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706010032/http://www.nhi.org/online/issues/101/simmons.html|archive-date=2015-07-06}}</ref> In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as the [[Christian Coalition of America|Christian Coalition]], which is the largest grassroots political group in the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cc.org|title=About Us|website=www.cc.org/about_us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304131053/http://www.cc.org/|archive-date=2008-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Activist]] groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish.

=== Military ===
{{Seealso|military alliance}}
Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership{{snd}}not only does a country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change.<ref name=":1" /> The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of a peace more difficult than winning the war itself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Military Science|last=Hardy|first=Travis|publisher=SAGE Reference|year=2013|isbn=978-1-78402-464-2|editor-last=Piehler|editor-first=Kurt|location=Thousand Oaks, CA}}</ref> An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919 [[Versailles Peace Conference]], when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement.

Examples of military coalitions include the [[Coalition of the Gulf War]], when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in the 1991 Gulf War's [[Operation Desert Storm]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|last1=Atkin|first1=Maurice|last2=Gartner|first2=Lloyd|last3=Geldman |first3=Arden|last4=Kenen|first4=Isaiah|last5=Rader Marcus|first5=Jacob|last6=Temkin|first6=Sefton|publisher=Macmillan Reference|year=2007|isbn=978-0-02-865928-2|editor-last=Berenbaum|editor-first=Michael|location=Detroit, Michigan, USA.|editor-last2=Skolnik|editor-first2=Fred}}</ref> as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the [[Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)|Coalition of the Willing]], a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United Nations [[Coalition intervention in Libya|coalition]] that intervened in the [[2011 Libyan civil war|2011 Libyan Civil War]] against [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require a single overpowering threat{{Snd}}perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest{{Snd}}or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order.<ref name=":1" />

=== Mathematics ===
In mathematics, the term ''coalition'' is linked to an equation which uses the coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician [[Pierre François Verhulst]] in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/world-population-growth-the-coalition-model|title=World Population Growth - The Coalition Model|last=Smith|last2=Moore|first=David|first2=Lawrence|website=Mathematical Association of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428104535/http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/world-population-growth-the-coalition-model|archive-date=2017-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>