Editing Cleanthes (section)

===Physics===
Cleanthes revolutionized [[Stoic physics]] by the theory of tension (''tonos'') which distinguished Stoic materialism from all conception of matter as dead and inert.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hicks|1910|p=7}}</ref> He developed Stoic [[pantheism]], and applied his materialistic views to [[logic]] and [[ethics]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1907|p=28}}</ref> Thus he argued that the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]] was a material substance, and that this was proved (a) by the circumstance that not only bodily qualities, but also mental capacity, are transmitted by ordinary generation from parent to child; and (b) by the sympathy of the soul with the body seen in the fact that, when the body is struck or cut, the soul is pained; and when the soul is torn by anxiety or depressed by care, the body is correspondingly affected.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1907|p=95}}</ref> Cleanthes also taught that souls live on after death, but that the intensity of its existence would vary according to the strength or weakness of the particular soul.<ref>Plutarch, ''Plac. Phil.'' iv. 7.</ref>

Cleanthes regarded the [[Sun]] as being [[Divinity|divine]];<ref>Cicero, ''De Natura Deorum'', ii. 15.</ref> because the Sun sustains all living things, it resembled the divine fire which (in Stoic physics) animated all living beings, hence it too must be part of the vivifying fire or aether of the universe. Some maintain that he accused [[Aristarchus of Samos|Aristarchus]] of impiety for daring to put into motion "the hearth of the universe" (i.e. the [[Earth]]); this interpretation depends on an emendation of the received text,<ref>Plutarch, ''On the face of the orb of the Moon'', 922F–923A</ref> since in the manuscripts it is Aristarchus that did the accusing.{{sfn|Russo|Medaglia|1996|pp=113–121}} The largest surviving fragment of Cleanthes is the portion of the ''Hymn to Zeus'',<ref>{{harvnb|Ellery|1976}}; {{harvnb|Rolleston|1890|pp=1–2, 129}}</ref> which has been preserved in [[Stobaeus]], in which he declares praise and honour of [[Zeus]] to be the highest privilege of all rational beings.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hicks|1910|pp=96–97}}</ref>