Editing Chula Vista, California (section)

===20th century===
In 1911, Chula Vista had {{convert|15000|acre|km2}} of agricultural lands, of which {{convert|4000|acre|km2}} were lemon groves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blocker |first1=John |year=2011 |title=Ladybugs Saved Chula Vista's Title as Lemon Capitol the World |url=https://www.sdfloral.org/growinggrounds-1.htm |journal=California Garden |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages= |doi= |access-date=September 8, 2024}}</ref> The citizens of Chula Vista voted to incorporate on October 17, 1911. The State approved the city's incorporation in November.<ref name="CVH"/> One of its first city council members was a former [[Cleveland]]ite Greg Rogers, who was also a leader of the [[Chula Vista Yacht Club]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sampite-Montecalvo |first=Allison |date=April 12, 2017 |title=Greg Rogers historic home in Chula Vista up for sale |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/south-county/sd-se-rogers-home-0413-story.html |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=April 14, 2017 }}<br/>{{harvnb|Roseman|Watry|2008|p=38}}</ref> The yacht club would the first on the [[United States West Coast|West Coast]] to build race specific boats, which resulted in a uniquely designed [[sloop]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=23}}, {{harvnb|Jones|2001|p=92}}</ref> In 1915, a [[Carnegie Library]] was built on F Street.{{sfn|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=23}} In the 1910s, [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]], [[Filipino Americans|Filipino]], and [[Mexican Americans|Mexican]] [[Farmworker|farm laborers]] worked the fields within the city, with most commuting in from [[downtown San Diego]] and [[Logan Heights, San Diego|Logan Heights]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guevarra|2012|pp=45–46}}</ref>

In January 1916, Chula Vista was impacted by the [[Hatfield Flood]], which was named after [[Charles Hatfield]], when the [[Lower Otay Dam]] collapsed flooding the valley surrounding the [[Otay River]];<ref>{{cite news |last=Tjoa |first=May |date=March 27, 2016 |title=Exhibit at Chula Vista Heritage Museum Marks Centennial of Historic Flooding |url=http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Great-Flood-of-1916-Centennial-Exhibit-Chula-Vista-Heritage-Museum-373632841.html |work=KNSD |location=San Diego |access-date=March 26, 2017 }}</ref> up to fifty people died in the flood.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Tony |date=May 25, 2015 |title=With San Diego again drought-ridden, 1915 'Rainmaker' saga is revisited |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-rainmaker-20150526-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=March 26, 2017 }}</ref> Later in 1916, the [[Hercules Inc.|Hercules Powder Company]] opened a 30-acre bayfront site, now known as Gunpowder point, which produced substances used to make [[cordite]], a gun propellant used extensively by the [[British Armed Forces]] during [[World War I]].<ref name="Perspective"/> In 1920, [[San Diego Country Club]] opened in Chula Vista, with its clubhouse designed by [[Richard Requa]] who had previously worked on the [[California Pacific International Exposition]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=25}}<br />{{cite web |url=https://www.sothebysrealty.com/eng/article/san-diego-country-club |title=Chula Vista, California Golf Course |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Southerby's International Realty |publisher=Sotheby's International Realty Affiliates LLC |access-date=May 1, 2018 }}<br/>{{harvnb|McGrew|1922|p=32}}</ref> In 1925, aviation began in Chula Vista, with the Tyce School of Aviation, operating the [[Chula Vista Airport]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=27}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/gunpowder.html |title=Gunpower Point History |last=Schoenherr |first=Steve |date=November 24, 2014 |website=Sunnycv.com |publisher=South Bay Historical Society |access-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226193353/http://sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/gunpowder.html |archive-date=December 26, 2017 }}</ref> In 1926, the salt works purchased Rancho Janal and grew barley and lima beans.<ref name=USD2004Otay />

Although the Great Depression affected Chula Vista significantly, agriculture still provided considerable income for the residents. In 1931, the lemon orchards produced $1&nbsp;million in revenue and the celery fields contributed $600,000.<ref name="CVH"/> [[History of Japanese Americans#Farming|Japanese American farms]] played a significant role in developing new crops outside of lemons, especially celery.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|pp=28–29}}, {{harvnb|Scharf|1978}}, {{harvnb|Gustafsson|2011}}, {{harvnb|Niiya|1993|p=40}}</ref> In the 1930s, led by [[Chris Mensalvas]], Filipino and Mexican farm workers [[Strike action|went on strike]] against the celery farms.<ref>{{harvnb|Guevarra|2012|p=92}}, {{harvnb|Patacsil|Guevarra|Tuyay|2010|p=22}}</ref> To the east, on land formerly known as Rancho Janal, [[dairy farming]] and [[Beef cattle|cattle]] farming was done on over {{Convert|4,000|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=28}}, {{harvnb|Moyer|1969|p=10}}</ref> By the end of the 1930s, the city's population of over 4,000 residents was mostly [[White Americans|Caucasian]], with small populations of [[Japanese Americans|Japanese]] and Mexican Americans.{{sfn|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=29}} Prior to World War II, [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|anti-Japanese sentiment]] had existed in Chula Vista, due to competition between Japanese farmers and White farmers, however an association was formed which decreased those sentiments.<ref>{{harvnb|Saito|2009|p=46}}</ref>

In November 1940, the city purchased the Chula Vista Airport for Rohr Aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chulavistaca.gov/home/showdocument?id=2 |title=Rohr Aircraft Corporation |last1=Dean |first1=Ada |last2=Golden |first2=Donna |last3=Roseman |first3=Frank |last4=Watry |first4=Peter |website=City of Chula Vista Heritage Museum |publisher=City of Chula Vista |access-date=May 1, 2018 }}</ref> The relocation of [[Rohr Aircraft Corporation]] to Chula Vista in early 1941, just months before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], changed Chula Vista. The land never returned to being orchard groves again.<ref name="CVH"/> At the Rohr factory, the 11,000 employees worked on power units for the [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=42}}, {{harvnb|Showley|1999|p=252}}</ref> In 1945, [[The Vogue Theater]] opened.<ref>{{cite news |last=Luzzaro |first=Susan |date=December 6, 2015 |title=Vogue Theater for sale — not to be destroyed |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2015/dec/06/stringers-vogue-theater-sale-not-destruction/# |work=San Diego Reader |access-date=May 3, 2018 }}<br/>{{harvnb|Roseman|Watry|2008|p=90}}</ref>

Due to [[Executive Order 9066]], the Japanese Americans who lived in Chula Vista were sent to [[Santa Anita Racetrack]] and then to the [[Poston War Relocation Center]].<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=43}}<br />{{cite news |last=Rowe |first=Peter |date=May 19, 2012 |title=WWII: Internments for San Diego's Japanese-Americans |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-wwii-japanese-americans-in-san-diego-2012may19-htmlstory.html |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite journal |last1=Moss |first1=James E. |last2=Schlenker |first2=Gerald |date=Winter 1972 |title=The Internmetn of the Japanese of San Diego County During the Second World War |url=https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1972/january/internment/ |journal=The Journal of San Diego History |volume=18 |issue=1 |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}</ref> One of those Japanese Americans from Chula Vista was Joseph K. Sano, who was an [[United States Army Air Service|air corps veteran]] of World War I, and a member of the [[American Legion]];<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=April 8, 2018 |title=From the Archives April 8, 1942: San Diegans leave for internment camps |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/150-years/sd-me-150-years-april-8-htmlstory.html |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}</ref> during World War II, Sano served in the [[Defense Language Institute|Military Intelligence Service Language School]] at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-2013011?view=text |title=Joseph K. Sano papers: 1923-1951 (bulk 1941-1951) |last=Sano |first=Joseph K. |date=2012 |website=Bentley Historical Library |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite web |url=https://oakland.edu/newsatou/news/2016/fall/oakland-university-to-share-survivors-stories-of-racial-discrimination-during-world-war-ii |title=Oakland University to share survivors' stories of racial discrimination during World War II |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=November 1, 2016 |publisher=Oakland University |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}</ref> In 1944, the state of California attempted to seize land in Chula Vista owned by Kajiro Oyama, a legal Japanese resident who was then [[Japanese American internment|interned]] in Utah. Oyama was correctly charged with putting the property in his son Fred's name with the intent to evade the [[California Alien Land Law of 1913|Alien Land Law]] because Fred was a native-born citizen. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court as ''[[Oyama v. California]]'', where the court found that Kajiro's [[Equal Protection Clause|equal protection]] rights had been violated.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soto |first=Onell R. |date=September 21, 2008 |title=Equal-rights gains have local roots |url=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/metro/20080921-9999-1n21land.html |work=San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193200/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/metro/20080921-9999-1n21land.html |archive-date=September 30, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite book|title=Five Views|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJt5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA194|year=1988|publisher=State of California--the Resources Agency, Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation|pages=194–195}}<br/>{{harvnb|Niiya|1993|p=280}}</ref>

The population of post–World War II Chula Vista tripled from 5,000 residents in 1940 to more than 16,000 in 1950.<ref name="CVH"/> After the war, many of the factory workers and thousands of servicemen stayed in the area, resulting in the huge growth in population. The last of the citrus groves and produce fields disappeared as Chula Vista became one of the largest communities in San Diego County.<ref name="CVH"/> In 1949, the city limits of Chula Vista expanded for the first time.{{sfn|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|pp=45-46}} Due to the construction of the [[Interstate 5 in California#San Diego County|Montgomery Freeway]], the Arguello Adobe of Rancho La Punta was demolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ovrp.org/uploads/history/La%20Punta.JBlocker.pdf |title=San Diego's Lost Landscape: La Punta |last=Blocker |first=John |publisher=Otay Valley Regional Park |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062754/http://www.ovrp.org/uploads/history/La%20Punta.JBlocker.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}<br/>{{cite web |url=http://sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/punta.html |title=La Punta |last=Schoenherr |first=Steve |date=December 12, 2014 |website=Sunnycv |publisher=South Bay Historical Society |access-date=May 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001821/http://www.sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/punta.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}<br/>{{harvnb|Taylor|2016|p=37}}</ref> In 1955, the Big Ski Drive-In opened;<ref>{{harvnb|Davis|Stringer-Bowsher|Krintz|Ghabhláin|2012|p=46}}<br />{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Pat |date=June 27, 2010 |title=Driven to preserve drive-in memories |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-driven-to-preserve-drive-in-memories-2010jun27-htmlstory.html |work= San Diego Union-Tribune |access-date=May 3, 2018 }}</ref> until it closed in 1980, it was one of the largest [[drive-in theater]]s in the nation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanford |first=Jay Allen |date=August 1, 2008 |title=Drive-In Theaters in San Diego: Complete Illustrated History 1947 thru 2008 (45 new pics added 7-4-09!) |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/bands/2008/aug/01/drive-in-theaters-in-san-diego-complete-illustrate/# |work= San Diego Reader |access-date=May 3, 2018 |quote=THE BIG SKY Drive-In opened in June 1955 at 2245 Main Street in Chula Vista. With 21 acres of space, its car capacity of 2000 made it one of the four largest ozones in the U.S. (Los Aitos in Long Beach held 2100 while the 41 Twin in Franklin, Wisconsin, and the Twin Open Air in Oak Lawn, Illinois, were the same size as the Big Sky.) }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Sanford |first=Jay Allen |date=July 6, 2006 |title=Field of Screens |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2006/jul/06/field-screens/?page=5& |work= San Diego Reader |access-date=May 3, 2018 |page=5 }}</ref> By the 1960s, Chula Vista continued its expansion with the annexation of part of Bonita.<ref>{{harvnb|Schoenherr|Oswell|2009|p=109}}<br/>{{cite web |url=http://www.sweetwatervalleyca.org/history/ |title=Annexations in the Valley |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |publisher=Sweetwater Valley Civic Association |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Valdez |first=Jonah |date=March 1, 2017 |title=Our little hills, forever near |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2017/mar/01/cover-our-little-hills-forever-near/ |work=San Diego Reader |access-date=May 2, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite thesis |last=Coleman |first=Eugene Victor |date=1973 |title=The Urbanization of the Sweetwater Valley, San Diego County |type=Masters Thesis |publisher=San Diego State University |url=http://sunnycv.com/history/docs/doc229.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2019 }}</ref> That same decade, Filipinos and Mexicans began to move into Chula Vista in significant numbers;<ref>{{harvnb|Guevarra|2012|pp=47}}</ref> these included [[Military history of Asian Americans#Cold War|Filipino navy veterans]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zhao|Park|2013|p=1042}}</ref> In 1963, Chula Vista became the 2nd-most populous city in San Diego County.<ref>{{cite report |date=August 2008 |title=Historic Resources Assessment of 2711, 2725, and 2729 Granger Avenue, National City, San Diego County, California |url=http://www.sandiegocounty.gov/reusable_components/images/images/dgs/Documents/CEQA_Lincoln_Acres_Append_A.pdf |work=BRG Consulting, Inc. |publisher=County of San Diego |access-date=May 7, 2017 }}</ref> From 1960 to 2013, the [[South Bay Power Plant]], a 700-megawatt, four-[[Boiler (power generation)|boiler]] plant, occupied {{convert|115|acres|0|abbr=on}} of the Chula Vista waterfront.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imploding a bayfront fixture: If weather conditions cooperate, the now-defunct South Bay Power Plant in Chula Vista will be demolished on Saturday morning |author=Katherine Poythress |url=http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/jan/30/imploding-a-bayfront-fixture/ |newspaper=San Diego Union |date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231924/http://m.utsandiego.com/news/2013/jan/30/imploding-a-bayfront-fixture/ }}</ref>

[[File:United States Training Center Chula Vista.jpg|thumb|Olympic Training Center, with Lower Otay Reservoir in the background]]
In 1985, Chula Vista made the largest annexation in California history, which included the neighborhoods of Castle Park and Otay.<ref name=Oct2011SDUT /> In January 1986, Chula Vista annexed the unincorporated community of Montgomery, which had previously rejected annexation in 1979 and 1982. At the time of the annexation the community was virtually surrounded by its larger neighbor.<ref name="Montgomery">{{cite news |title=Montgomery Merging With City: Chula Vista Annexation Is Cause to Celebrate |author=Keith A. Owens |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-01-03-me-23931-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 3, 1986 |access-date=March 19, 2011}}</ref> Later, San Diego gave way, allowing Chula Vista to annex the [[Otay River]] Valley, which was opposed by residents in [[Otay Mesa West, San Diego|Otay Mesa]] and [[Nestor, San Diego|Nestor]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Nancy |date=September 8, 1986 |title=Planners' Advice Ignored: S.D.-Chula Vista Land Giveaway Is Questioned |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-08-me-12988-story.html |work= Los Angeles Times |access-date=May 12, 2018 }}</ref> Over the next few decades, Chula Vista continued to expand eastward. Plans called for a variety of housing developments such as the Eastlake, Rancho del Rey, and Otay Ranch neighborhoods.<ref name="Perspective"/> During this expansion a [[walrus]] fossil was found, of an extinct species of toothless ''[[Valenictus]]'', after the species was named for the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sdnhm.org/exhibitions/fossil-mysteries/fossil-field-guide-a-z/walrus/ |title=Walrus |first1=Margaret |last1=Dykens |first2=Lynett |last2=Gillette |first3=Jim |last3=Melli |first4=Francois |last4=Gohier |publisher=San Diego Natural History Museum |access-date=May 4, 2018 }}<br/>{{harvnb|Berta|2017|p=230}}</ref> The quick expansion east of [[Interstate 805]] was not embraced by all of the cities residents, leading to advocacy that new housing developments be built with parks, schools, and emergency services.<ref name=Oct2011SDUT>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Chula Vista celebrates its first 100 years |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chula-vista-the-first-100-years-2011oct12-htmlstory.html |work= San Diego Union-Tribune |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=May 3, 2018 }}</ref> In 1991, Chula Vista elected its first female mayor, Gayle McCandliss, who died from cancer a few weeks after being elected.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mallgren |first=Laura |title=Park to be re-named in honor of late mayor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/132790049/ |work=The Star-News |location=Chula Vista |date=June 2, 2000 |access-date=May 3, 2018 }}<br/>{{cite news |last=Reza |first=H.G. |date=January 19, 1991 |title=Chula Vista Mayor Dies; Held Office for One Month: Illness: Yearlong battle with cancer ends in death for 36-year-old Gayle McCandliss. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-19-me-75-story.html |work= Los Angeles Times |access-date=May 3, 2018 }}</ref> In 1995, the [[United States Olympic Committee]] opened an [[United States Olympic Training Center|Olympic Training Center]] in Eastlake on donated land;<ref>{{cite news |title=Chula Vista – where the world's best train |author=Patrice Milkovich |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040808/news_lz1e8milkovic.html |newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune |date=August 8, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2013}}</ref> it is the USOC's first master-planned facility and is adjacent to [[Lower Otay Reservoir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/For-Athletes/Olympic-Training-Centers-and-Sites/Chula-Vista.aspx |title=Chula Vista |year=2013 |work=Olympic Training Centers/Sites & Tours |publisher=United States Olympic Committee |access-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916034702/https://www.teamusa.org/For-Athletes/Olympic-Training-Centers-and-Sites/Chula-Vista.aspx |archive-date=September 16, 2012 }}</ref> In the last decade of the century, a [[desalinization]] plant opened to process water from wells along the Sweetwater River;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/233/section2.html |title=Data Series 233 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= March 8, 2007 |website=U.S. Geological Survey |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=March 8, 2017 }}</ref> it was expanded less than two decades later,<ref>{{cite news |last=Lake |first=Heather |date=October 2, 2015 |title=Sweetwater desalination plant undergoes expansion |url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2015/10/02/sweetwater-desalination-plant-undergoes-expansion/ | work=KSWB |location=San Diego |access-date=March 8, 2017 }}</ref> which included a pumping station built in Bonita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/bonita-historical-survey-rpt.pdf |title=A Historical Survey Report for Bonita Pump Station Project, San Diego, California  |last1=Pentney |first1=Sandra |last2=DeGiovine |first2=Michael M. |date=November 20, 2015 |publisher=City of San Diego |access-date=March 8, 2017 }}</ref>

====Camp Otay/Weber====
During [[World War I]] and [[World War II|II]], the army maintained a base on the present-day corner of Main Street and Albany Avenue. It initially served as a border post during World War I, and was reestablished in December 1942. It was home to the [[140th Infantry Regiment (United States)|140th Infantry Regiment]], [[35th Infantry Division (United States)|35th Infantry Division]].<ref name="CpOtay"/> The regiment conducted war games against the [[Camp Lockett]]–based [[10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|10th Cavalry]], and were defeated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/21299/files/historic%20background%20study.pdf |title=Cuyamaca Racho State Park Historic Background Study & Historic Inventory |last=Bevil |first=Alexander D. |date=February 28, 2014 |website=Department of Parks and Recreation |publisher=State of California |access-date=February 28, 2014 |quote=24 May 2015}}</ref> The base was closed in February 1944, and the division went on to see combat in the [[European Theatre of World War II|European theater]]. All traces of the post have since been removed.<ref name="CpOtay">{{cite web |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/CpOtay.html |title=Camp Otay |author=Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers |work=[[California State Military Museum]] |publisher=California State Military Department |access-date=April 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206072155/http://militarymuseum.org/CpOtay.html |archive-date=February 6, 2011 }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/military.html |title=Military Bases in the South Bay |last=Schoenherr |first=Steve |date=March 28, 2015 |website=SunnyCV |publisher=South Bay Historical Society |access-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524214633/http://www.sunnycv.com/southbay/exhibits/military.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015 }}</ref>