Editing Chris Hadfield (section)

== Astronaut career ==
[[File:Chris Hadfield at AAAS meeting 1.JPG|thumb|upright|Chris Hadfield in 2012]]
Hadfield was selected to become one of four new Canadian astronauts from a field of 5,330 applicants in June 1992. Three of those four ([[Dafydd Williams]], [[Julie Payette]] and Hadfield) have flown in space. The fourth candidate, [[Michael McKay (astronaut)|Michael McKay]], resigned as an astronaut in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Michael McKay|url=https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronauts/canadian/former/bio-michael-mckay.asp|date=January 28, 2015|website=www.asc-csa.gc.ca}}</ref> Hadfield was assigned by the CSA to the [[NASA]] [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], Texas in August, where he addressed technical and safety issues for Shuttle Operations Development, contributed to the development of the [[Glass cockpit|glass shuttle cockpit]], and supported shuttle launches at the [[Kennedy Space Center]], in Florida. In addition, Hadfield was NASA's chief [[Capsule communicator|CAPCOM]] (capsule communicator'')'', the voice of mission control to astronauts in orbit, for 25 [[Space Shuttle]] missions. From 1996 to 2000, he represented CSA astronauts and coordinated their activities as the chief astronaut for the CSA.<ref name="csabio" />

He was the director of operations for NASA at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] (GCTC) in [[Star City, Russia|Star City]], Russia from 2001 until 2003. Some of his duties included co-ordination and direction of all [[International Space Station]] crew activities in Russia, oversight of training and crew support staff, as well as policy negotiation with the Russian Space Program and other International Partners. He also trained and became fully qualified to be a flight engineer cosmonaut in the Soyuz TMA spacecraft, and to perform spacewalks in the [[Orlan space suit|Russian Orlan spacesuit]].<ref name="csabio" />

Hadfield is a civilian CSA astronaut, having retired as a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was chief of robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003 to 2006 and was chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006 to 2008.<ref name=csabio /> In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to [[Robert Thirsk]] on [[Expedition 21]].<ref name="backup">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-tma-15.htm |title=Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz TMA-15 |access-date=September 2, 2010 |publisher=Spacefacts.de}}</ref> In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the [[NEEMO#NEEMO 14: May 10–23, 2010|NEEMO 14]] mission aboard the [[Aquarius (laboratory)|Aquarius]] [[Underwater habitat|underwater laboratory]], living and working underwater for fourteen days.<ref name="fourteen">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NEEMO/NEEMO14/index.html |title=NASA – NEEMO 14 |access-date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=NASA |date=July 9, 2010 |author=NASA}}</ref><ref name="fourteen2">{{cite web |url=http://www.nurc.net/blog/category/neemo-14 |title=Archive for the 'NEEMO 14' Mission |access-date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=NURC |year=2010 |author=Alexander, Aaron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328135239/http://www.nurc.net/blog/category/neemo-14 |archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> NASA announced in 2010 that Hadfield would become the first Canadian commander of the International Space Station, leading [[Expedition 35]] after its launch on December 19, 2012.<ref name="command">{{cite news |author=Andrew Chung |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/855781 |title=Space: A (partly) Canadian frontier |date=September 2, 2010 |newspaper=Toronto Star}}</ref> His craft docked with the station on December 21. He remained on the station for five months, transferring control to [[Pavel Vinogradov]] and departing on May 13, 2013.<ref>{{Citation |last=Irvine |first=Chris |title=Astronaut Chris Hadfield returns to Earth |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=May 13, 2013 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/10054981/Astronaut-Chris-Hadfield-returns-to-Earth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514042754/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/10054981/Astronaut-Chris-Hadfield-returns-to-Earth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |access-date=May 13, 2013 |location=London}}</ref>

In June 2013, one month after completing his third trip to space, Hadfield announced his retirement from the Canadian Space Agency, effective July 3, 2013.<ref name="retirement2013">{{Citation |author=Canadian Press |title=Astronaut Chris Hadfield to retire from Canadian Space Agency |newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]] |date=June 10, 2013 |access-date=June 10, 2013 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/06/10/astronaut_chris_hadfield_to_retire_from_canadian_space_agency.html}}</ref> Hadfield stated that after living primarily in the United States since the 1980s for his career, he would be moving back to Canada, "making good on a promise I made my wife nearly 30 years ago—that yes, eventually, we would be moving back to Canada."<ref name="retirement2013" /> He noted that he plans to pursue private interests outside government there.<ref name="retirement2013" />

Hadfield is enthusiastic about the prospects for a crewed mission to Mars, and when asked in 2011 if he would consider being the first to visit even if the journey to Mars were one-way, he said "I would be honoured to be given the opportunity."<ref>{{cite web |title=I am an astronaut who has been to space twice... |date=April 9, 2011 |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/gm8rh/iaman_astronaut_who_has_been_to_space_twice_and |access-date=August 30, 2011 |publisher=Reddit}}</ref>

=== STS-74 ===
{{Main|STS-74}}
Hadfield served as mission specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station ''[[Mir]]''. During the flight, the crew of [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] attached a five-tonne docking module to ''Mir'' and transferred over 1,000&nbsp;kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts. Hadfield flew as the first Canadian to operate the [[Canadarm]] in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board ''Mir''.<ref name="csabio" />

=== STS-100 ===
{{Main|STS-100}}
[[File:STS 100 Hadfield EVA.jpg|thumb|upright|Hadfield spacewalking during the [[STS-100]] mission]]
In April 2001, Hadfield served as mission specialist 1 on STS-100, International Space Station (ISS) assembly Flight 6A. The crew of [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'']] delivered and installed [[Canadarm2]], the new Canadian-built robotic arm, as well as the Italian-made resupply module ''Raffaello''. During the 11-day flight, Hadfield performed two spacewalks, which made him the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float freely in space. During his first spacewalk Hadfield experienced severe eye irritation due to the anti-fog solution used to polish his spacesuit visor, temporarily blinding him and forcing him to vent oxygen into space. In total, Hadfield spent 14 hours, 50 minutes outside, travelling 10 times around the world during his spacewalk.<ref name="csabio" /><ref name="Hadfield 6">''An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth'' (Hadfield), pp. 86–96.</ref>

=== International Space Station ===
[[File:Chris Hadfield unveiling $5 banknote of the Frontier Series from ISS during Expedition 35, 30 April 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Hadfield answering media questions during unveiling of the Canadian $5 [[Frontier Series]] banknote during [[Expedition 35]] on April 30, 2013. He unveiled the $10 banknote on the same day.]]
{{Main|Soyuz TMA-07M |Expedition 34 |Expedition 35}}
On December 19, 2012, Hadfield launched in the Soyuz TMA-07M flight for a long duration stay on board the ISS as part of Expedition 35. He arrived at the station two days later, as scheduled,<ref>{{cite web |title=New Expedition 34 Crew Members Welcomed Aboard Station |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition34/e34_launch.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=December 24, 2012}}</ref> and became the first Canadian to command the ISS when the crew of Expedition 34 departed in March 2013.<ref name=csabio /> On May 12, 2013, he turned over command of the ISS, and returned home aboard the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] on May 13.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Astronaut Chris Hadfield returns to Earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/10054981/Astronaut-Chris-Hadfield-returns-to-Earth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514042754/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/10054981/Astronaut-Chris-Hadfield-returns-to-Earth.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 14, 2013 |newspaper=Telegraph |date=May 13, 2013 |location=London}}</ref> He received significant media exposure during his time on the ISS, and ended his time on the station by paying tribute to [[David Bowie]] with a rendition of "[[Space Oddity]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=Astronaut Chris Hadfield Sings David Bowie As He Departs The International Space Station |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/05/13/astronaut-chris-hadfield-sings-david-bowie-as-he-departs-the-international-space-station/ |newspaper=[[Forbes]] |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>