Editing Chelsea, Manhattan (section)

===Industrialization and entertainment district===
The new neighborhood thrived for three decades, with many single family homes and rowhouses, in the process expanding past the original boundaries of Clarke's estate, but an industrial zone also began to develop along the Hudson.<ref name=encnyc /> In 1847 the [[West Side Line|Hudson River Railroad]] laid its freight tracks up a [[right-of-way (railroad)|right-of-way]] between Tenth and [[Eleventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Eleventh Avenues]], separating Chelsea from the [[Hudson River]] waterfront. By the time of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the area west of Ninth Avenue and below 20th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making [[turpentine]] and [[camphene]], a lamp fuel. In addition, the huge Manhattan Gas Works complex, which converted [[bituminous coal]] into [[town gas|gas]], was located at Ninth Avenue and 18th Street.<ref>Johnson, Clint. "A Vast and Fiendish Plot" ''New York Archive'' (Winter 2012)</ref>

The industrialization of western Chelsea brought immigrant populations from many countries to work in the factories,<ref name=fednyc /> including a large number of [[Irish-Americans|Irish]] immigrants, who dominated work on the Hudson River piers that lined the nearby waterfront and the truck terminals integrated with the freight railroad spur.{{efn|The film ''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954) recreates this tough world, dramatized in [[Richard Rodgers]]' 1936 jazz ballet ''[[Slaughter on Tenth Avenue]]''.}} As well as the piers, warehouses and factories, the industrial area west of Tenth Avenue also included lumberyards and breweries, and tenements built to house the workers. With the immigrant population came the political domination of the neighborhood by the [[Tammany Hall]] [[political machine|machine]],<ref name=fednyc /> as well as festering ethnic tensions: around 67 people died in a [[Orange Riots|riot between Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants on July 12, 1871]], which took place around 24th Street and Eighth Avenue.<ref name=encnyc /><ref>Burrows & Wallace, pp.1003–1008</ref> The social problems of the area's workers provoked [[John Lovejoy Elliot]] to form the [[Hudson Guild]] in 1897, one of the first [[settlement house]]s&nbsp;– private organizations designed to provide social services.

A theater district had formed in the area by 1869,<ref name="encnyc" /> and soon West [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]] was the center of American theater, led by [[Pike's Opera House]] (1868, demolished 1960), on the northwest corner of Eighth Avenue. Chelsea was a busy entertainment district between about 1875 and 1900. Sixth Avenue contained the [[Ladies' Mile Historic District|Ladies' Mile]] shopping district; music publishers opened offices in [[Tin Pan Alley]] along 28th Street; and the [[Tenderloin, Manhattan|Tenderloin]] red-light district occupied the northern section of Chelsea.<ref name="nyt-1987-10-16">{{Cite news |last=Yarrow |first=Andrew L. |date=October 16, 1987 |title=Chelsea: Where the Avant-garde Rubs Shoulders With Old New York |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/16/arts/chelsea-where-the-avant-garde-rubs-shoulders-with-old-new-york.html |access-date=April 8, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>