Editing Chauvinism (section)

=== History ===
While the first variation of the English term ''chauvinism'', "literary chauvinism", appeared in 1888,{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=637}} the growing popularity of variations is attributed to the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]] that stressed the "white chauvinism" and "male chauvinism"{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=639}} in the early 1930s ("white chauvinism" dates back to the "Resolution on the Negro Question" of 1930). At this time the brief term "chauvinism" frequently was used to designate the white chauvinism.{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=640}} The term "male sex chauvinism" appeared in the [[New York Times]] (NYT) in 1934,{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=642}} while the form "male chauvinism" is first documented in the 1935 [[Clifford Odets]] play ''[[Till the Day I Die]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mansbridge|first=Jane|author2=Katherine Flaster|title=Male Chauvinist, Feminist, Sexist, and Sexual Harassment: Different Trajectories in Feminist Linguistic Innovation|journal=American Speech|year=2005|volume=80|issue=3|page=261|doi=10.1215/00031283-80-3-256|citeseerx=10.1.1.103.8136}}</ref> to reflect a pattern of patronizingly claiming the superiority of males, "You and your male chauvinism!".{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=642}} Outside the Communist party, the term was very rarely used for the next 30 years (about one mention in NYT every three years). At the same time, the "male chauvinism" term was regularly used in the Communist press in the US, where the "chauvinism" now standing for both white chauvinism and male chauvinism.{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|pp=642-643}} The party sanctions against male chauvinists were employed, but were less severe than the ones against white chauvinists.{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=644}}

The second coming of the ''male chauvinist'' term in 1969 is associated with the [[women's liberation movement]]. This time it became widespread (130 articles in NYT used the term in 1972 alone). "Male chauvinist pig" quickly followed in 1970 and, useful for [[teasing]] and impossible for the target to interpret is as a joke, it turned out easier for activists to adopt, becoming a [[vogue word]] or even an early [[meme]] (the rate of its spread can be compared to that of "[[groovy]]").{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|pp=645-646}}

By the early 1990s 63% of Chicago women acknowledged calling someone a "male chauvinist pig". 58% of the women who did not self-identify as [[feminists]], and did 56% of conservatives among them, 60% of [[non-voters]], and 51% of African Americans. For comparison, much fewer women at the time used the word "[[sexist]]".{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=649}} The phrase was spreading through both everyday talk and the mass media.{{sfn|Mansbridge|Flaster|2007|p=651}}