Editing Chattanooga, Tennessee (section)

===Civil War===
{{Main|Chattanooga in the American Civil War}}
During the [[American Civil War]], Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]], and [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]]. Chattanooga's [[Confederate railroads in the American Civil War|railroads]] were vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hughes|first=Micheal Anderson|date=1991|title=The Struggle for Chattanooga, 1862-1863|pages=10|via=ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global}}</ref> During the [[Chickamauga Campaign]], [[Union Army|Union]] artillery [[Second Battle of Chattanooga|bombarded Chattanooga]] as a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following the [[Battle of Chickamauga]], the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] reinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob against [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops besieging the city. The next day, the [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in the [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]]. In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. The [[Battle of Gettysburg]] brought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while the [[Siege of Vicksburg]] split the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to the [[Deep South]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Russo|first=Valeria A.|date=2000|title=Gateway to Civil War history: [RUN OF PAPER Edition]|journal=Patriot Ledger|via=ProQuest Central}}</ref> These battles were followed the next spring by the [[Atlanta Campaign]], beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroad [[transportation hub|hub]] and industrial and manufacturing center.