Editing Charles II of Naples (section)

==Captivity==

The inhabitants of Naples urged Charles I to expel the Aragonese from Nisida.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=246}} Although his father had forbidden him to attack the Aragonese until his arrival, Charles decided to invade the islet.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=246}} Believing that most Aragonese ships had left the Bay of Naples, he sailed for Nisida on 5 June 1284, but the Aragonese galleys soon [[Battle of the Gulf of Naples|surrounded and defeated his fleet]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=246}}{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=112}} During the battle, Charles fell into captivity.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=112}} He was first taken to [[Messina]] where the crowd demanded his execution in revenge for [[Conradin]] (Manfred of Sicily's young nephew, who had been beheaded at Charles I's order in 1268).{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=251}} To save Charles's life, [[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance of Sicily]]{{mdash}}Peter III of Aragon's wife{{mdash}}imprisoned him at the fortress of [[Cefalù]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=251}}

Charles I died on 7 January 1285.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=121}} On his deathbed, he had made Robert of Artois regent for the minor Charles Martel who would rule as vicar general until Charles was released from captivity.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=232}}{{sfn|Bárány|2010|p=77}} The Provençal delegates held a general assembly at [[Sisteron]] and decided to do their utmost to secure Charles's release.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1998|p=54}} [[Pope Martin IV]] partially ignored Charles I's last will.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=257}} He did not acknowledge the right either of the captive Charles or of his minor son to rule, claiming that an interregnum followed the king's death.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=257}} The pope confirmed Artois' regency, but he made Cardinal Gerald co-regent, authorizing them to administer the kingdom on behalf of the Holy See.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=257}} The regents appointed the most powerful ruler of the Peloponnese, [[William I de la Roche]], [[Duke of Athens]], [[bailiff]] of Achaea to secure the local lords' loyalty.{{sfn|Lock|1995|pp=95–96}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=258}} [[Odo Poilechien]]{{mdash}}who had been made baillif during Charles I's reign{{mdash}}continued to rule [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] which was the only town to acknowledge Charles's rule in the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]].{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=529}}

Pope Martin died on 29 March 1285.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=259}} The [[Aragonese Crusade|crusade that he had declared against Aragon]] started in late May, but Peter III's resistance forced the crusaders to withdraw in September.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=257}} At Peter's order, Charles was moved from Cefalù to [[Catalonia]].{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=260, 325}} Peter died on 10 November; his eldest sons, [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]] and [[James II of Aragon|James]] succeeded him in Aragon and Sicily, respectively.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|pp=259, 261–262}} [[Henry II of Jerusalem|Henry II of Cyprus]], who was regarded the lawful king of Jerusalem by most local lords, forced Odo Poilechien to leave Acre in June 1286.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=529}} Since the [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]] supported Henry, their estates were confiscated in the ''Regno''.{{sfn|Housley|1984|p=530}}

Charles's sons sent a letter to [[Edward I of England]], asking him to intervene to secure their father's release.{{sfn|Bárány|2010|pp=68–69}} Edward accepted their offer and mediated a fourteen-month truce in July 1286.{{sfn|Bárány|2010|p=69}} James entered into negotiations with Charles about the conditions of Charles's release.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=263}} Charles was ready to renounce the island of Sicily and Calabria in favor of James for at least the rest of his own lifetime,{{sfn|Housley|1982|p=22}} but [[Pope Honorius IV]] sharply opposed this plan.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=263}} After Honorius died on 3 April 1287, Edward I mediated a compromise, which was completed in the presence of the delegates of the [[College of Cardinals]] in [[Oloron-Sainte-Marie]] in July.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=264}}{{sfn|Bárány|2010|p=70}} However, [[Philip IV of France]] refused to sign it, because it did not arrange for the compensation of his younger brother, [[Charles of Valois]], who had laid claim to Aragon.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=264}}

The new pope, [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]], who was enthroned in February 1288, also disapproved the treaty, but allowed Edward I to continue the negotiations.{{sfn|Bárány|2010|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}} A [[Treaty of Canfranc|new agreement]], repeating most terms of the previous compromise, was signed at [[Canfranc]] in October.{{sfn|Small|2004|p=213}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}} According to the treaty, Charles was to be released for a ransom of 50,000 marks of silver, but he also had to promise to mediate a reconciliation between Aragon, France and the Holy See.{{sfn|Small|2004|p=213}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}} He pledged that he would send his three sons{{mdash}}Charles Martel, [[Louis of Toulouse|Louis]] and [[Robert, King of Naples|Robert]]{{mdash}}and 60 Provençal noblemen as hostages to Aragon to secure the fulfilment of his promise.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}}{{sfn|Bárány|2010|p=72}} He also promised that he would return to Aragon if he could not persuade his allies to make peace with Aragon in three years.{{sfn|Small|2004|p=213}}{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}} After Edward I gave further guarantees, Alfonso III released Charles who went to Paris to start negotiations with Philip IV.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}}{{sfn|Abulafia|1999|p=517}} Philip again repudiated the treaty and Charles left France for Italy to meet with the pope.{{sfn|Runciman|1958|p=265}}