Editing Charles Edward Stuart (section)

===Travels in Europe: 1734–1745===
[[File:William Mosman - Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1720 - 1788. Eldest son of Prince James Francis Edward Stuart - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by William Mosman, painted circa 1737]]
In 1734, his cousin, [[James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick|the Duke of Liria]], who was proceeding to join [[Charles III of Spain|Don Carlos]] in his struggle for the crown of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], passed through Rome.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=40}} He offered to take Charles on his expedition, and the boy of thirteen was appointed general of artillery by Don Carlos.{{sfn|Johnston|2010|p=28}} On 30 July 1734, he departed Rome with an escort and proceeded with his cousin to the French and Spanish [[Siege of Gaeta (1734)|siege of Gaeta]], his first exposure to war.{{sfn|Johnston|2010|p=28}}{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=38}} While at Gaeta, he observed the final stages of the siege and was said to have come under fire in the trenches of the siegeworks.{{sfn|Johnston|2010|p=29}} He returned to Rome in late 1734.{{sfn|Johnston|2010|p=29}} In January 1735, shortly after his fourteenth birthday, Charles's mother Clementina died of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=40}} She had been in a poor state of declining health for many months; however, Charles was said to have been deeply distressed after his mother passed.{{sfn|Johnston|2010|p=24}}

As Charles grew older, he was introduced by his father and the Pope to Italian society.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=45}} In 1737, James sent his son on a tour through major Italian cities to complete his education as a prince and man of the world.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=45}} Charles proceeded to visit [[Genoa]], [[Florence]], [[Parma]], [[Bologna]] and [[Venice]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=45}}{{sfn|Preston|1995|page=30}} The Italian tour was a shock for Charles, who had believed he would be welcomed as a royal prince.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=45}} Instead, most European courts would only receive him as the "[[Duke of Albany]]" (an historic title adopted by Scottish royals in the 14th century).{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=47}} Despite being Catholic, many European states wished to avoid antagonising Britain, the only exception being Venice.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=45}}

By the time he had reached 20, he had become a notable member of upper-class society in Rome and had developed a fondness for alcohol and fine clothes, often in excess of his allowance.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=47}} He had become increasingly distant from his brother due to Henry's devotion to prayer and religious study.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=60}} His father continued to rely on foreign aid in his attempts to restore himself to the British and Irish thrones.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=53}} However, Charles became increasingly supportive of the idea of rebellion unassisted by invasion or by support of any kind from abroad.{{sfn|Vaughan|1911|p=940}} On 23 December 1743, owing to his limited ability to travel to Britain, James named his son Charles [[prince regent]], giving him the authority to act in his name.{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=53}}
[[File:Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 1742.jpg|thumb|right|Charles, painted in 1742, by the French court painter [[Louis Tocqué]]]]
In January 1744, his father believed he had managed to obtain the de facto renewed support of the French government.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=76}} Following this mistaken belief, Charles Edward travelled covertly to France from Rome, initially under the guise of a hunting party.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=80}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=56}} However, neither the French Government nor King [[Louis XV]] had officially invited Charles.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=xvii}} Nevertheless, by February, the French government had agreed to support [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1744)|a planned invasion of England]], hoping to remove British forces from the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=89}} Charles then travelled to [[Dunkirk]] with the purpose of accompanying a French Army across to England.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=90}} The invasion never materialised, as the French fleet was scattered by a storm in the spring equinox, losing 11 ships.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=92}} By the time it regrouped, the [[Royal Navy|British fleet]] realised the diversion that had deceived them and resumed their position in the Channel.<ref>Longmate p. 149</ref>{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=58}}

After the failure of the planned invasion, Charles remained in France, staying at several places, including [[Gravelines]], [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]] and [[Paris]], leasing a hilltop house in [[Montmartre]] in May 1744.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=97}}{{sfn|Douglas|1975|p=63}} Owing to his expenditure on his wardrobe, attendants and drinking, Charles became in debt to the amount of 30,000 [[French livre|livres]].{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=98}} With news of this and following the failed invasion, the French attempted to encourage Charles to return to Italy by refusing to pay him a monthly subsidy.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=100}} However, when he could no longer afford the rent on the house in Montmartre, the [[Archdiocese of Cambrai|Archbishop of Cambrai]] agreed to lend him his country estate near Paris where he stayed until January 1745.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=101}}{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=107}} Charles then moved to the country house of [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick#Marriages and children|Anne, Duchess of Berwick]] in [[Soissons]], following repeated attempts by the French to encourage him to leave the Paris region.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=107}} However, Charles continued to travel regularly to Paris during this period, often incognito and frequenting the hotels of the city to meet with supporters.{{sfn|Kybett|1988|page=108}}