Editing Carantania (section)

==History==
{{See also|Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps}}
[[File:Frankish Empire 481 to 814-en.svg|thumb|left|Carantania within [[Francia|Frankish Empire]] (AD 788–843)]]

In the 4th century [[Chur]] became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the [[Alps]]. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio<ref>[http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historical Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824062514/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php |date=2009-08-24 }} {{in lang|it}}</ref> in AD 451.

In the aftermath of the [[Gothic War (535–554)|Gothic War]] (535-554), the Byzantine Empire found itself unable to prevent the Germanic tribe of the [[Lombards]] from invading Italy and founding [[Kingdom of the Lombards|a kingdom there]]. The territory left behind by the Lombards in Pannonia was subsequently settled by Slavs (with the help of their [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] overlords) in the last decades of the 6th century. In 588 they reached the area of the Upper [[Sava|Sava River]] and in 591 they arrived in the Upper [[Drava]] region, where they soon fought the Bavarians under Duke [[Tassilo I of Bavaria|Tassilo I]]. In 592 the Bavarians won, but three years later in 595 the Slavic-Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the [[Franks|Frankish]] and the [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] territories.<ref name="Štih">[[Peter Štih]], ''Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku: osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od začetka 6. stoletja do konca 9. stoletja'' [The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages: a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century], Ljubljana, 2001.</ref> By that time, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia came to be referred to in historical sources as ''Provincia Sclaborum'' (the Country of Slavs).<ref name="Luthar">Oto Luthar, ed., "The Land Between: A History of Slovenia". Frankfurt am Main [etc.]: [[Peter Lang (publishing company)|Peter Lang]], cop. 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-631-57011-1}}.</ref><ref>[[Paul the Deacon|Paulus Diaconus]], "Historia Langobardorum".</ref>

In the 6th century Chur was also conquered by the [[Franks]].<ref>[http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8249.php Franks, page at Switzerland Historical Dictionary]</ref>

Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the [[Alpine Slavs]], who are reckoned to be among the ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the [[Friuli]] region. They settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli, known as the [[Friulian Slavia]], as well as the [[Karst Plateau]] and the area north and south from Gorizia. 

Slavic settlement in the [[Eastern Alps]] region is assumed to be connected to the collapse of local dioceses in the late 6th century, a change in population and [[Archaeological culture|material culture]], and most importantly, in the establishment of a Slavic [[Language family|language group]] in the area. The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by the remains of the indigenous Romanized population, which preserved Christianity.

Slavs in both the Eastern Alps and the Pannonian region are assumed to be originally subject to Avar rulers (''kagans''). After Avar rule weakened around 610, a relatively independent March of the Slavs (''marca Vinedorum''), governed by a [[duke]], emerged in southern Carinthia in the early 7th century. Historical sources mention [[Valuk (duke)|Valuk]] as the duke of Slavs (''Wallux dux Winedorum'').

The year 626 brought an end to Avar dominance over Slavs, as the Avars were defeated at [[Constantinople]].<ref name="Štih2">[[Peter Štih]]. "Slovenska zgodovina: Od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca srednjega veka". [Slovenian history: From prehistoric cultures to late Middle Ages] {{cite web |url=http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/pdf/zgodovina/Stih-Slovenska_zgodovina_od_prazgodovinskih_kultur_do_konca_srednjega_veka.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319025304/http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/pdf/zgodovina/Stih-Slovenska_zgodovina_od_prazgodovinskih_kultur_do_konca_srednjega_veka.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-19 }}</ref> In 658 Samo died and his Tribal Union disintegrated. A smaller part of the original March of the Slavs, centred north of modern Klagenfurt, preserved independence and came to be known as ''Carantania''. The name ''Carantania'' itself begins to appear in historical sources soon after 660. The first clear indication of a specific [[Ethnic group|ethnic identity]] and [[political organisation]] may be recognised in the geographical term ''Carantanum'' which [[Paul the Deacon]] used in reference to the year 664, and in connection to which he also mentioned a specific Slavic people (''gens Sclavorum'') living there.<ref name="Luthar"/>

When about 740 Prince [[Boruth]] asked the Bavarian duke [[Odilo, Duke of Bavaria|Odilo]] for help against the pressing danger posed by [[Avars (Carpathians)|Avar]] tribes from the east, Carantania lost its independence. Boruth's successors had to accept the overlordship of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] and the semifeudal [[Francia|Frankish kingdom]], ruled by [[Charlemagne]] from 771 to 814. Charlemagne also put an end to the invasions undertaken by the Avars, who had regained eastern parts of Carantania between 745 and 795.

In 828, Carantania finally became a [[March (territorial entity)|margraviate]] of the [[Carolingian Empire]]. The local princes were deposed for following the [[Rebellion of Ljudevit|anti-Frankish rebellion]] of [[Ljudevit Posavski]], the prince of [[Slavs of Lower Pannonia]], and replaced by a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] (primarily Bavarian) ascendancy. By the 843 [[Treaty of Verdun]], it passed into the hands of [[Louis the German]] (804–876) who, according to the ''[[Annales Fuldenses]]'' (863), gave the title of a "prefect of the Carantanians" (''praelatus Carantanis'') to his eldest son [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]].<ref>Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). ''Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876.'' Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.</ref> In 887 [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] (850–899), a grandson of Louis the German, assumed his title of King of the [[East Francia|East Franks]] and became the first Duke of Carinthia.

The city of Chur suffered several invasions by the [[Magyars]] in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed.
In the area of Carantania 954–979 exist Slavic parish ''"pagus Crouuati"''([[Croats]]) which is mentioned in royal charters, ruled by count Hartwig in the name of the German king.<ref>[[Mate Božić]]; (2019) ''"Hrvat" i "Hrvati" – od toponima do etnonima'' ("Croat" and "Croats" - from toponyms to ethnonyms) p. 143-143; Pleter: Časopis udruge studenata povijesti, Vol. 3. No. 3 [https://hrcak.srce.hr/217870]</ref>