Editing Canoe (section)

=== Dugouts ===
[[File:Dugout canoe Rennell.jpg|thumb|Dugout canoe of [[pirogue]] type in the [[Solomon Islands]]]]
{{Main|Dugout canoe}}
Many peoples have made dugout canoes throughout history, carving them out of a single piece of wood: either a whole [[Trunk (botany)|trunk]] or a slab of trunk from particularly large trees.<ref name="pojar" /><ref name="olypen">{{cite book|last=Olympic Peninsula Intertribal Cultural Advisory Committee|title=Native Peoples of the Olympic Peninsula|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8061-3552-2|location=Norman, Oklahoma}}</ref> Dugout canoes go back to ancient times. The [[Dufuna canoe]], discovered in Nigeria, dates back to 8500–8000 BC.<ref>Gumnior, Maren; Thiemeyer, Heinrich (2003). "Holocene fluvial dynamics in the NE Nigerian Savanna". ''Quaternary International''. '''111''': 54. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00014-4. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 128422267.</ref> The [[Pesse canoe]], discovered in the Netherlands, dates back to 8200–7600 BC.<ref>"Oudste bootje ter wereld kon werkelijk varen". ''Leeuwarder Courant'' (in Dutch). ANP. 12 April 2001. Retrieved 4 December 2011.</ref> Excavations in [[Denmark]] reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the [[Ertebølle culture|Ertebølle]] period, ({{Circa|5300|3950 BC}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Dugouts and paddles|url=http://www.abc.se/~pa/publ/tybrind.htm#logboats|access-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201122509/https://www.abc.se/~pa/publ/tybrind.htm#logboats|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Canoes played a vital role in the colonisation of the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]] [[Caribbean]], as they were the only means of reaching the Caribbean Islands from mainland South America.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boomert|first=Arie|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1096240376|title=The first settlers: Lithic through Archaic times in the coastal zone and on the offshore islands of northeast South America, in: C. Hofman and A. Antczak (eds.), Early settlers of the Insular Caribbean : dearchaizing the Archaic.|others=Hofman, Corinne L., 1959–, Antczak, Andrzej T.|year=2019|isbn=978-90-8890-780-7|location=Leiden|pages=128|oclc=1096240376}}</ref> Around 3500 BC, ancient [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] groups colonised the first Caribbean Islands using single-hulled canoes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Napolitano|first1=Matthew F.|last2=DiNapoli|first2=Robert J.|last3=Stone|first3=Jessica H.|last4=Levin|first4=Maureece J.|last5=Jew|first5=Nicholas P.|last6=Lane|first6=Brian G.|last7=O’Connor|first7=John T.|author8-link=Scott M. Fitzpatrick|last8=Fitzpatrick|first8=Scott M.|date=2019|title=Reevaluating human colonization of the Caribbean using chronometric hygiene and Bayesian modeling|journal=Science Advances|volume=5|issue=12|pages=eaar7806|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aar7806|pmid=31976370 |pmc=6957329 |bibcode=2019SciA....5R7806N |issn=2375-2548|doi-access=free}}</ref> Only a few pre-Columbian Caribbean canoes have been found.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Scott M.|date=2013|title=Seafaring Capabilities in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11457-013-9110-8|journal=Journal of Maritime Archaeology|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=101–138|doi=10.1007/s11457-013-9110-8|bibcode=2013JMarA...8..101F |s2cid=161904559 |issn=1557-2285}}</ref> Several families of trees could have been used to construct Caribbean canoes, including woods of the [[mahogany]] family (Meliaceae) such as the [[Swietenia mahagoni|Cuban mahogany]] (''Swietenia mahagoni''), that can grow up to 30–35 m tall and the red cedar (''[[Cedrela odorata]]''), that can grow up to 60 m tall, as well as the ''[[ceiba]]'' genus (Malvacae), such as ''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'', that can reach 60–70 m in height.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Scott M.|date=2013|title=Seafaring Capabilities in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11457-013-9110-8|journal=Journal of Maritime Archaeology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=101–138|doi=10.1007/s11457-013-9110-8|bibcode=2013JMarA...8..101F |s2cid=161904559 |issn=1557-2285}}</ref> It is likely that these canoes were built in a variety of sizes, ranging from fishing canoes holding just one or a few people to larger ones able to carry as many as a few dozen, and could have been used to reach the Caribbean Islands from the mainland. Reports by historical [[chronicle]]rs claim to have witnessed a canoe "containing 40 to 50 [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] [...] when it came out to trade with a visiting English ship".<ref>{{Cite book|last=McKusick, Marshall Bassford|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/79431894|title=Aboriginal canoes in the West Indies|date=1970|pages=7|oclc=79431894}}</ref>

There is still much dispute regarding the use of sails in Caribbean canoes. Some archaeologists doubt that oceanic transportation would have been possible without the use of sails, as winds and currents would have carried the canoes off course.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaghan|first=Richard T.|date=2001|title=Ceramic Age Seafaring and Interaction Potential in the Antilles: A Computer Simulation|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/320012|journal=Current Anthropology|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=308–313|doi=10.1086/320012|s2cid=55762164 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> However, no evidence of a sail or a Caribbean canoe that could have made use of a sail has been found. Furthermore, no historical sources mention Caribbean canoes with sails. One possibility could be that canoes with sails were initially used in the Caribbean but later abandoned before European contact. This, however, seems unlikely, as long-distance trade continued in the Caribbean even after the prehistoric colonisation of the islands. Hence, it is likely that early Caribbean colonists made use of canoes without sails.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keegan|first1=William|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/949669477|title=The Caribbean before Columbus|last2=Hofman|first2=Corinne|others=Hofman, Corinne L., 1959–|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-060524-7|location=New York, NY|pages=27|oclc=949669477}}</ref>

Native American groups of the [[Pacific Northwest|north Pacific coast]] made [[dugout canoe]]s in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red cedar (''[[Thuja plicata]]'') or yellow cedar (''[[Chamaecyparis nootkatensis]]''), depending on availability.<ref name="pojar">{{cite book|last=Pojar and MacKinnon|title=Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast|publisher=Lone Pine Publishing|year=1994|isbn=1-55105-040-4|location=Vancouver, British Columbia}}</ref> Different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for [[Whaling|whale-hunting]] versus [[Seal hunting|seal-hunting]] versus [[salmon]]-fishing. The [[Quinault people|Quinault]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] built shovel-nose canoes with double bows, for river travel that could slide over a [[Log jam|logjam]] without needing to be [[portaging|portaged]]. The [[Kutenai people|Kootenai]] of the Canadian province of British Columbia made [[sturgeon-nosed canoe]]s from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on [[Kootenay Lake]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nisbet|first=Jack|title=Sources of the River|publisher=Sasquatch Books|year=1994|isbn=1-57061-522-5|location=Seattle, Washington}}</ref>

In recent years, [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] in British Columbia and [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] have been revitalizing the ocean-going canoe tradition. Beginning in the 1980s, the [[Heiltsuk]] and [[Haida people|Haida]] were early leaders in this movement. The Paddle to [[Expo 86]] in Vancouver by the [[Heiltsuk]] and the 1989 Paddle to [[Seattle]] by multiple Native American tribes on the occasion of Washington State's centennial year were early instances of this. In 1993 a large number of canoes paddled from up and down the coast to [[Bella Bella, British Columbia|Bella Bella]] in its first canoe festival – Qatuwas.<ref>Neel, David The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995. {{ISBN|1-55054-185-4}}</ref> The revitalization continued, and [[Tribal Canoe Journeys|Tribal Journeys]] began with trips to various communities held in most years.

[[Aboriginal Australian]] people made canoes from hollowed out [[Trunk (botany)|tree trunks]], as well as from tree bark.<ref name="Nma.gov.au">{{cite web|title=Carved wooden canoe, National Museum of Australia|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=7049|access-date=25 April 2013|publisher=Nma.gov.au}}</ref> The indigenous people of the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] commonly used [[Hymenaea]] ([[Fabaceae]]) trees.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}