Editing Cannabis (section)

=== Reproduction ===
All known [[Cannabis strain|strains]] of ''Cannabis'' are [[wind-pollinated]]<ref name="clarke1991a">{{cite book |last1=Clarke RC |title=Marijuana Botany : an advanced study, the propagation and breeding of distinctive Cannabis |date=1981 |publisher=Ronin PuPublishing |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-0-914171-78-2 }}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> and the fruit is an [[achene]].<ref name="small1975c">{{cite journal|doi=10.1139/b75-117|title=Morphological variation of achenes of ''Cannabis''|year=1975| vauthors = Small E |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=53|issue=10|pages=978–87|bibcode=1975CaJB...53..978S }}</ref> Most strains of ''Cannabis'' are [[Photoperiodism|short day plants]],<ref name=clarke1991a/> with the possible exception of ''C.&nbsp;sativa'' subsp. ''sativa'' var. ''spontanea'' (= ''C.&nbsp;ruderalis''), which is commonly described as "auto-flowering" and may be [[Photoperiodism|day-neutral]].

''Cannabis'' is predominantly [[Dioecy|dioecious]],<ref name=clarke1991a/><ref name="ainsworth2000">{{cite journal|doi=10.1006/anbo.2000.1201|title=Boys and Girls Come Out to Play: The Molecular Biology of Dioecious Plants|year=2000| vauthors = Ainsworth C |journal=Annals of Botany|volume=86|issue=2|pages=211–221|doi-access=free|bibcode=2000AnBot..86..211A }}</ref> having [[Plant sexuality#Terminology|imperfect]] [[flowers]], with [[Stamen|staminate]] "male" and [[pistil]]late "female" flowers occurring on separate plants.<ref name="lebel1997">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01012-1|title=Genetics of sex determination in flowering plants|year=1997| vauthors = Lebel-Hardenack S, Grant SR |journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=2|issue=4|pages=130–6|bibcode=1997TPS.....2..130L }}</ref> "At a very early period the Chinese recognized the ''Cannabis'' plant as dioecious",<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hui-Lin L | date = 1973 | title = The Origin and Use of ''Cannabis'' in Eastern Asia: Linguistic-Cultural Implications | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–301 (294) }}</ref> and the (c. 3rd century BCE) ''[[Erya]]'' dictionary defined ''xi'' [[Wikt:枲|枲]] "male ''Cannabis''" and ''fu'' [[Wikt:莩|莩]] (or ''ju'' [[Wikt:苴|苴]]) "female ''Cannabis''".<ref>13/99 and 13/133. In addition, 13/98 defined ''fen'' 蕡 "''Cannabis'' inflorescence" and 13/159 ''bo'' 薜 "wild ''Cannabis''".</ref> Male flowers are normally borne on loose [[panicle]]s, and female flowers are borne on [[raceme]]s.<ref name="bouquet1950">Bouquet, R. J. 1950. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071111115805/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_4_page003.html ''Cannabis'']. [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]. Retrieved on 23 February 2007</ref>

Many [[Monoecy|monoecious]] varieties have also been described,<ref name="meijer1999a">{{cite book | vauthors = de Meijer EP | date = 1999 | chapter = ''Cannabis'' germplasm resources. | veditors = Ranalli P | title = Advances in Hemp Research | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghamton, NY | pages = 131–151 | isbn = 978-1-56022-872-1 }}</ref> in which individual plants bear both male and female flowers.<ref name="moliterni2005">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7|title=The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study|year=2004| vauthors = Moliterni VC, Cattivelli L, Ranalli P, Mandolino G |journal=Euphytica |volume=140 |issue=1–2 |pages=95–106 |bibcode=2004Euphy.140...95M |s2cid=11835610}}</ref> (Although monoecious plants are often referred to as "hermaphrodites", true hermaphrodites – which are less common in ''Cannabis'' – bear staminate and pistillate structures together on individual flowers, whereas monoecious plants bear male and female flowers at different locations on the same plant.) [[Trioecy|Subdioecy]] (the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population) is widespread.<ref name="mignoni1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalhemp.com/Archives/Government_Research/UN/03_odccp_bulletin.html |vauthors = Mignoni G |date = 1 December 1999 |work = Global Hemp |title=Cannabis as a licit crop: recent developments in Europe |access-date=10 February 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030313091047/http://www.globalhemp.com/Archives/Government_Research/UN/03_odccp_bulletin.html |archive-date=13 March 2003 }}</ref><ref name="schumann1999">{{cite journal |vauthors = Schumann E, Peil A, Weber WE |doi=10.1023/A:1008696018533 |year=1999 |title=Preliminary results of a German field trial with different hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) accessions |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |volume=46|issue=4|pages=399–407|s2cid=34246180}}</ref><ref name="ranalli2004a">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10681-004-4760-0 |title=Current status and future scenarios of hemp breeding|year=2004| vauthors = Ranalli P |journal=Euphytica |volume=140|issue=1–2 |pages=121–131 |bibcode=2004Euphy.140..121R |s2cid=26214647}}</ref> Many populations have been described as sexually labile.<ref name="mandolino2002a"/><ref name="hirata1924">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirata K | year = 1924 | title = Sex reversal in hemp | journal = Journal of the Society of Agriculture and Forestry | volume = 16 | pages = 145–168 }}</ref><ref name="schaffner1931">{{cite journal| vauthors = Schaffner JH |year=1931 |title=The Fluctuation Curve of Sex Reversal in Staminate Hemp Plants Induced by Photoperiodicity|journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=424–30 |jstor=2435878 |doi=10.2307/2435878}}</ref>

As a result of intensive selection in [[Cannabis cultivation|cultivation]], ''Cannabis'' exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.<ref name="truta2002a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Truţa E, Gille E, Tóth E, Maniu M | title = Biochemical differences in Cannabis sativa L. depending on sexual phenotype | journal = Journal of Applied Genetics | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 451–62 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12441630 }}</ref> Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the fruits (produced by female flowers) are used. Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production. It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops,<ref name="mignoni1999"/> but ''sativa'' strains often produce monoecious individuals, which is possibly as a result of [[inbreeding]].

[[File:Trichomes.jpg|thumb|left|''Cannabis'' female flower with visible [[trichomes]]]]
[[File:Cannabis male flowers.JPG|thumb|upright|Male ''Cannabis'' flower buds]]