Editing Campania (section)

===Roman period===
{{See also|Roman Republic|Roman Empire|Italia (Roman Empire)}}
Campania was a full-fledged part of the [[Roman Republic]] by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its [[pasture]]s and rich countryside. Naples, with its [[Greek language]] and customs, made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans, creating the first traces of [[Greco-Roman]] culture.<ref name = "rome"/> During the [[Pyrrhic War]] in 275 BC, the [[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)|Battle of Beneventum]] took place in Campania in the Samnite city of Maleventum, in which the Romans, led by the consul [[Curius Dentatus]], were victorious. They renamed it Beneventum (modern day [[Benevento]]), which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Oakley |first=Stephen P |title=A Commentary on Livy, Books VI-X |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqsqlajAPCoC&pg=PA43|isbn=0-19-927143-7 |page=43|year=1971}}</ref> During the [[Second Punic War]] in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, allied with [[Carthage]].<ref name = "emps"/> The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. [[Naples]] resisted [[Hannibal]] due to the imposing walls.<ref name = "rome"/> Capua was eventually starved into submission in the [[Battle of Capua (211 BC)|Roman retaking of 211 BC]], and the Romans were victorious.<ref name="emps">{{cite news|url=http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|publisher=Roman-Empire.info|title=Second Punic War: Second Period, From The Revolt Of Capua To The Battle Of The Metaurus – b.C. 215-207|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185144/http://roman-empire.info/roman-empire/13/|archive-date=12 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg|left|thumb|''The Last Day of Pompeii'' – [[Karl Briullov]]]]
With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted [[Latin language|Latin]] as official language, in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region,<ref>Freeman, Philip (1999). [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=etruscan_studies The Survival of Etruscan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808175457/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=etruscan_studies |date=8 August 2022 }}. Page 82: "Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non-Latin languages could thrive in urban locations in Italy well into the 1st century A.D."</ref><ref name=McDonald>McDonald, K. L. (2017). [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/26433/McDonald%20K%20Fragmentary%20languages%20OA%20accepted%20version.pdf?sequence=1 "Fragmentary ancient languages as "bad data": towards a methodology for investigating multilingualism in epigraphic sources."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820213127/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/26433/McDonald%20K%20Fragmentary%20languages%20OA%20accepted%20version.pdf?sequence=1 |date=20 August 2022 }} Pages 4-6</ref><ref name=Schrijver2>Schrijver, Peter. [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/58457204/roma_amor.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DOscan_love_of_Rome.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190606%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190606T022027Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=87a48ca9042fb90908fbda952db351edc539f4ab5b75e07807acd10c17dfce45 Oscan love of Rome]. Page 2.</ref> subsequently becoming fully [[Romanised]].<ref>Lomas, Kathryn, "The Hellenization of Italy", in Powell, Anton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jW6GAgAAQBAJ&dq=Oscan+survival&pg=PA347 ''The Greek World''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215727/https://books.google.com/books?id=jW6GAgAAQBAJ&dq=Oscan+survival&pg=PA347 |date=18 September 2023 }}. Page 354.</ref><ref name = "littlehist"/> As part of the [[Roman Empire]], Campania, with [[Latium]], formed the most important region of the [[Augustus|Augustan]] divisions of [[Italia (Roman Empire)|Italia]], the ''Regio I Latium et Campania''; Campania was one of the main areas for [[granary]].<ref name="littlehist">{{cite news|url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|publisher=Emmeti.it|title=Campania: A Little History|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629002405/http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Storia/Campania.ART.95.uk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In ancient times Misenum (modern '[[Miseno]]'), at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples, was the largest base of the Roman navy, since its port (Portus Julius) was the base of the Classis Misenensis, the most important Roman fleet. It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa, the right-hand man of the emperor Augustus. [[Roman Emperor]]s chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]], the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of [[Capri]].<ref name = "rome"/> It was also during this period that [[Christianity]] came to Campania. Two of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]], [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]], are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several [[martyr]]s during this time.<ref name="catholi">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Naples}}</ref> The period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 which buried the cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/P/pompeii/index.htm|publisher=Channel4.com|title=Secrets of the Dead: Pompeii and Herculaneum|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=29 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529045250/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/P/pompeii/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the [[Decline of the Roman Empire]], its last emperor, [[Romulus Augustus]], was put in a [[manor house]] prison near [[Castel dell'Ovo]], Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of the [[Middle Ages]] and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=8 January 2008|access-date=22 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225013134/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref>