Editing Camorra (section)

==Waste crisis==
{{main|Naples waste management issue|Triangle of death (Italy)|Ecomafia}}
Since the 1980s, the Camorra has taken over the handling of waste disposal in the region of [[Campania]]. By December 1999, all regional [[landfill]]s had reached capacity.<ref name=giacomo/> Reports in 2008 stated that the crisis was caused at least in part by the Camorra, which created a lucrative business in the municipal waste disposal business, mostly in the [[Triangle of death (Italy)|triangle of death]]. With the complicity of industrial companies, heavy metals, [[industrial waste]], and chemicals and household waste are frequently mixed together, then dumped near roads and burned to avoid detection, leading to severe soil and air pollution.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=nw20080109155132644C221895&click_id=143&set_id=1 Mafia at centre of Naples' rubbish mess] 9 January 2008. By Emmanuelle Andreani. [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,528501,00.html Der Spiegel: In Naples, Waste Is Pure Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918042454/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,528501,00.html |date=18 September 2011 }}  Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 September 1995|title=COBAT: collection and recycling spent lead/acid batteries in Italy|journal=Journal of Power Sources|language=en|volume=57|issue=1–2|pages=75–80|doi=10.1016/0378-7753(95)02246-5|issn=0378-7753|last1=Sancilio|first1=Cosmo|bibcode=1995JPS....57...75S}}</ref>

According to Giacomo D'Alisa et al., "the situation worsened during this period as the Camorra diversified their illegal waste disposal strategy: 1) transporting and dumping [[hazardous waste]] in the countryside by truck; 2) dumping waste in illegal caves or holes; 3) mixing toxic waste with textiles to avoid explosions and then burning it; and 4) mixing toxic with urban waste for disposal in landfills and [[incinerator]]s."<ref name=giacomo>{{cite journal |last1=D'Alisa |first1=Giacomo |last2=Burgalassi |first2=David |last3 =Healy|first3 =Hali|last4=Walter|first4=Mariana |date=2010 |title=Conflict in Campania: Waste emergency or crisis of democracy |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=70 |issue= 2|pages=239–249 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.021 |bibcode=2010EcoEc..70..239D }}</ref>

A Camorra member, Nunzio Perella was arrested in 1992, and began collaborating with authorities; he had stated "the rubbish is gold."<ref name=giacomo/> The boss of the [[Casalesi clan]], Gaetano Vassallo, admitted to systematically working for 20 years to bribe local politicians and officials to gain their acquiescence to dumping toxic waste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio/Cosi-ho-avvelenato-Napoli/2040653|title=Così ho avvelenato Napoli|date=11 September 2008|work=[[l'Espresso]]|access-date=24 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924001248/http://espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio/cosi-ho-avvelenato-napoli/2040653|archive-date=24 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/07/sezioni/cronaca/rifiuti-13/perquisiti-redattori-espresso/perquisiti-redattori-espresso.html|date=12 September 2009|title=Inchiesta sui veleni a Napoli perquisiti l'Espresso e due reporter|work=[[la Repubblica]]|access-date=26 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124011426/https://www.repubblica.it/2008/07/sezioni/cronaca/rifiuti-13/perquisiti-redattori-espresso/perquisiti-redattori-espresso.html|archive-date=24 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

The triangle of death and the waste management crisis is primarily a result of [[government failure]] to control illegal waste dumping. The government had attempted to mandate recycling and waste management programs, but were unable, causing the expansion of opportunities for illegal activities, which caused further barriers to solve the waste crisis.<ref name=giacomo/><ref name=first>{{Cite journal|last1=Senior|first1=Kathryn|last2=Mazza|first2=Alfredo|date=September 2004|title=Italian "Triangle of death" linked to waste crisis|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(04)01561-X/fulltext?code=lancet-site&dgcid=recommender_referral_trendmd|journal=The Lancet Oncology|language=en|volume=5|issue=9|pages=525–527|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01561-X|pmid=15384216|issn=1470-2045}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fiorillo|first=Damiano|date=2010–2013|title=Household waste recycling: national survey evidence from Italy|journal=Journal of Environmental Planning and Management|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1125–1151|doi=10.1080/09640568.2012.709180|s2cid=32409943|issn=0964-0568|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33631/1/MPRA_paper_33631.pdf|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922094228/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33631/1/MPRA_paper_33631.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Policy Analysis Concepts and Practice|last1=Weimer|first1=David L.|last2=Vining|first2=Aidan R.|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=978-1-138-21651-8|location=New York|pages=74–112, 149–181}}</ref>

In November 2013, a demonstration by tens of thousands of people was held in Naples in protest against the pollution caused by the Camorra's control of refuse disposal. Over a twenty-year period, it was alleged, about ten million tonnes of industrial waste had been illegally dumped, with cancers caused by pollution increasing by 40–47%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24976917 |title=Naples rally against mafia's toxic waste dumping |publisher=BBC |date=17 November 2013 |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704213039/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24976917 |archive-date=4 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>