Editing Caldera (section)

== Mineralization in calderas ==
Some calderas are known to host rich [[ore deposit]]s. Metal-rich fluids can circulate through the caldera, forming hydrothermal ore deposits of metals such as lead, silver, gold, mercury, lithium, and uranium.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=John |first1=David A. |date=1 February 2008 |title=Supervolcanoes and Metallic Ore Deposits |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7b1980e74f0051da6ec9e46bbb4a20b5565696ba |url-status=live |journal=[[Elements (journal)|Elements]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=22 |bibcode=2008Eleme...4...22J |citeseerx= |doi=10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.1.22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206153724/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7b1980e74f0051da6ec9e46bbb4a20b5565696ba |archive-date=6 February 2025}}</ref> One of the world's best-preserved [[Mineralization (geology)|mineralized]] calderas is the [[Sturgeon Lake Caldera]] in [[northwestern Ontario]], Canada, which formed during the [[Neoarchean]] [[Era (geology)|era]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Short Course and Field Investigations of Precambrian Volcanic Rocks, Hydrothermal Alteration, and Associated Mineral Deposits |url=http://www.d.umn.edu/prc/workshops/S08workshop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112337/http://www.d.umn.edu/prc/workshops/S08workshop.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2014-03-20 |publisher=Precambrian Research Center, University of Minnesota, Duluth |at=Field Trip |quote=In the Sturgeon Lake area of northwestern Ontario, one of the world’s best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes will be investigated.}}</ref> about 2.7&nbsp;billion years ago.<ref>{{cite web | title=Caldera volcanoes |publisher=University of Minnesota, Dultuh|first=Ron|last=Morton|date=18 March 2001 | url=http://www.d.umn.edu/~rmorton/ronshome/Volcanoes/calderas.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031102004227/http://www.d.umn.edu/~rmorton/ronshome/Volcanoes/calderas.html | archive-date=2 November 2003 | url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[San Juan volcanic field]], ore veins were emplaced in fractures associated with several calderas, with the greatest mineralization taking place near the youngest and most silicic intrusions associated with each caldera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steven |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Luedke |first2=Robert G. |first3=Peter W. |last3=Lipman |title=Relation of mineralization to calderas in the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado  |journal=J. Res. US Geol. Surv. |volume=2 |year=1974 |issue=4 |pages=405–409|bibcode=1974JRUGS...2..405S }}</ref>