Editing CFA franc (section)

==History==

===Creation===
The CFA franc was created on 26 December 1945, along with the [[CFP franc]]. The reason for their creation was the weakness of the [[French franc]] immediately after [[World War II]]. When France ratified the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods Agreement]] in December 1945, the [[French franc]] was [[devaluation|devalued]] in order to set a [[fixed exchange rate]] with the [[US dollar]]. New currencies were created in the [[French colonies]] to spare them the strong devaluation, thereby making it easier for them to import goods from France (and simultaneously making it harder for them to export goods to France).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Ian |title=France à fric: the CFA zone in Africa and neocolonialism |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2019 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1064–1088 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2019.1585183 |hdl=10023/20714 |s2cid=159201283 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2019.1585183 |access-date=24 May 2021|hdl-access=free}}</ref> French officials presented the decision as an act of generosity. [[René Pleven]], the [[Minister of the Economy, Finance and Industry (France)|French Minister of Finance]], was quoted as saying:

{{Blockquote|In a show of her generosity and selflessness, [[metropolitan France]], wishing not to impose on her far-away daughters the consequences of her own poverty, is setting different exchange rates for their currency.}}

===Exchange rate===
The CFA franc was created with a fixed exchange rate versus the [[French franc]]. This exchange rate was changed only twice, in 1948 and in 1994 (besides nominal adaptation to the new French franc in 1960 and the Euro in 1999).

Exchange rate:
* 26 December 1945 to 16 October 1948 &ndash; F.CFA&nbsp;1 = 1.70 French franc. This 70 centime [[:wikt:premium|premium]] is the consequence of the creation of the CFA franc, which spared the French African colonies the devaluation of December 1945 (before December 1945, 1 local franc in these colonies was worth 1 French franc).
* 17 October 1948 to 31 December 1959 &ndash; F.CFA&nbsp;1 = 2 French francs (the CFA franc had followed the French franc's devaluation versus the US dollar in January 1948, but on 18 October 1948, the French franc devalued again and this time the CFA franc was revalued against the French franc to offset almost all of this new devaluation of the French franc; after October 1948, the CFA followed all the successive devaluations of the French franc)
* 1 January 1960 to 11 January 1994&ndash; F.CFA&nbsp;1 = NF&nbsp;0.02 (1 January 1960: the French franc redenominated, with 100 old francs becoming 1 new franc)
* 12 January 1994 to 31 December 1998&ndash; F.CFA&nbsp;1 = F&nbsp;0.01. An overnight 50% devaluation.
* 1 January 1999 onwards &ndash; F.CFA&nbsp;100 = €0.152449 or €1 = F.CFA&nbsp;655.957. (1 January 1999:  the [[euro]] replaced FRF at the rate of 6.55957 FRF for 1 euro)

The 1960 and 1999 events merely reflect changes of currency in use in France: the actual [[relative value (economics)|relative value]] of the CFA franc versus the French franc/euro only changed in 1948 and 1994.

===Changes in countries using the franc===
In 1960, the period of global decolonization began, marking the end of European empires on the African continent. France disappeared from the map, leaving behind the CFA franc, a legacy of colonization, which circulates in almost all former French possessions in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/la-marche-du-monde/20250315-une-histoire-sensible-du-franc-cfa |title=Une histoire sensible du franc CFA |work=Radio France International|date=15 March 2025 |access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> Over time, the number of countries and territories using the CFA franc has changed as some countries began introducing their own separate currencies. A couple of nations in West Africa have also chosen to adopt the CFA franc since its introduction, despite the fact that they had never been French colonies.

* 1960: [[Guinea]] leaves and begins issuing [[Guinean franc]]s.<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" />
* 1962: [[Mali]] leaves and begins issuing [[Malian franc]]s.<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" />
* 1973: [[Madagascar]] leaves (in 1972, according to another source) and begins issuing [[Malagasy franc|its own francs]], the Malagasy franc, which ran concurrently with the [[Malagasy ariary]] (1 ariary = 5 Malagasy francs).<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" />
* 1973: [[Mauritania]] leaves, replacing the franc with the [[Mauritanian ouguiya]] (1 ouguiya = 5 CFA francs).<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" />
* 1974: [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]] leaves for French franc, which changed later to the Euro.
* 1975: [[Réunion]] leaves for [[French franc]],<ref>IEDOM/Banque de France{{dash}}History, [http://www.iedom.fr/iedom/historique-des-billets-378.html Historique des billets] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703190210/http://www.iedom.fr/iedom/historique-des-billets-378.html |date=3 July 2013}}</ref> which changed later to the Euro.
* 1976: [[Mayotte]] leaves for [[French franc]],<ref>IEDOM/Banque de France [http://www.iedom.fr/mayotte/presentation-73/le-mot-du-directeur-101.html Le mot du Directeur de l'agence de Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127114859/http://www.iedom.fr/mayotte/presentation-73/le-mot-du-directeur-101.html |date=27 January 2012}}</ref> which changed later to the Euro.
* 1984: [[Mali]] rejoins (1 CFA franc = 2 [[Malian franc]]s).<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" />
* 1985: [[Equatorial Guinea]] joins (1 franc = 4 [[Equatorial Guinean ekwele|bipkwele]]).
* 1997: [[Guinea-Bissau]] joins (1 franc = 65 [[Guinea Bissau peso|pesos]]).

===European Monetary Union===
In 1998, in anticipation of [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]], the [[Council of the European Union]] addressed the monetary agreements France had with the CFA Zone and [[Comoros]] and ruled that:
* The agreements are unlikely to have any material effect on the [[monetary policy|monetary]] and [[exchange-rate regime|exchange rate]] policy of the [[Eurozone]].
* In their present forms and states of implementation, the agreements are unlikely to present any obstacle to a smooth functioning of [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|economic and monetary union]].
* Nothing in the agreements can be construed as implying an obligation for the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB) or any national [[central bank]] to support the convertibility of the CFA and [[Comorian franc]]s.
* Modifications to the existing agreements will not lead to any obligations for the European Central or any national central bank.
* The French Treasury will guarantee the free convertibility at a fixed parity between the [[euro]] and the CFA and Comorian francs.
* The competent French authorities shall keep the [[European Commission]], the European Central Bank and the Economic and Financial Committee informed about the implementation of the agreements and inform the Committee prior to changes of the parity between the euro and the CFA and Comorian francs.
* Any change to the nature or scope of the agreements would require Council approval on the basis of a Commission recommendation and ECB consultation.

=== Criticism in France ===
The yellow vest movement in France includes in its brochure the demand for the end of the CFA franc in Central and West Africa.The yellow vest movement, perceives the CFA franc as a tool of French imperialism and a catch-all on African economies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190124-african-franc-faces-unlikely-foes-europes-fringes|title=African franc faces unlikely foes on Europe's fringes|date=2019-01-24|language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Currency printed in France ===
The Banque de France is responsible for producing CFA franc notes and coins in its Chamalières factory, which is seen by some critics as a lack of sovereignty for African states.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/african-countries-that-rely-on-france-to-print-their-currency/zzh9mbb|title=African countries that rely on France to print their currency |date=2025-02-12|language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Currency devaluation ===
The countries of the CFA franc zone are seen as the preserve of the former guardian power, France, which leads to situation that sometimes fuels rumors of a devaluation of the CFA franc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1658380/economie-entreprises/la-devaluation-du-franc-cfa-un-scenario-impossible-a-exclure/|title=La dévaluation du franc CFA, un scénario impossible à exclure |date=2025-02-19|language=fr-FR}}</ref> The CFA franc is too strong a currency, overvalued by about 10%. Even if in the short term, the option of a devaluation seems to be excluded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1660685/politique/ali-bongo-ondimba-franc-cfa-pablo-escobar-du-sahara-maitres-de-goma-et-bad-les-5-infos-quil-ne-fallait-pas-rater/|title=Ali Bongo Ondimba, franc CFA, « Pablo Escobar » du Sahara, maîtres de Goma et BAD : les 5 infos qu’il ne fallait pas rater |date=2025-02-22|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
=== Symbolism ===
For some African economists, the debate on economic realities should be prioritized over the symbols of the CFA franc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lenouveaureporter.com/franc-cfa-un-economiste-togolais-demonte-les-idees-recues/|title=Franc CFA : un économiste togolais démonte les idées reçues |date=2025-05-15|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Right of veto ===
France retains a right of veto over the monetary policies of the states of the CFA Franc Zone of West Africa and Central Africa.<ref name="LA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.senenews.com/actualites/economie/lafrique-en-quete-de-souverainete-la-fin-du-franc-cfa-et-les-defis-de-la-monnaie-ecom_527202.html|title=L’Afrique en quête de souveraineté : La fin du franc CFA et les défis de la monnaie Ecom|date=2025-02-10|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
=== Stability ===
For supporters of the CFA Franc, the economic stability that the CFA Franc provides lies in monetary cooperation. The underdevelopment of the countries in the franc zone is attributed to factors independent of their monetary and exchange rate policies.<ref name="LSE">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2017/07/12/the-cfa-franc-french-monetary-imperialism-in-africa/|title=The CFA Franc: French Monetary Imperialism in Africa|date=2017-07-12|language=en-EN}}</ref>
=== Profits of French companies ===
The actual flows of the CFA franc come mainly from Africa, with profits from African economies going to French companies.<ref name="Senego">{{Cite news|url=https://senego.com/moussa-diallo-economiste-le-franc-cfa-freine-le-developpement-il-est-temps-de-creer-une-monnaie-souveraine_1835487.html|title=Moussa Diallo, économiste : « Le franc CFA freine le développement. Il est temps de créer une monnaie souveraine »|date=2025-05-09|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

=== Criticism and replacement in West Africa ===
The currency has been criticized for making national monetary policy for the developing countries of French West Africa all but impossible, since the CFA's value is pegged to the euro (whose monetary policy is set by the [[European Central Bank]]).<ref name="AS" /> Others disagree and argue that the CFA "helps stabilize the national currencies of Franc Zone member-countries and greatly facilitates the flow of exports and imports between France and the member-countries".<ref name="EI" /> The [[European Union]]'s 2008 assessment of the CFA's link to the euro noted that "benefits from economic integration within each of the two monetary unions of the CFA franc zone, and even more so between them, remained remarkably low" but that "the peg to the [[French franc]] and, since 1999, to the euro as exchange rate anchor is usually found to have had favourable effects in the region in terms of macroeconomic stability".<ref>[[doi:10.2765/18982|The role of the euro in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the CFA franc zone, Economic papers 347, November 2008]]</ref>

Critics point out that the currency is controlled by the French treasury, and in turn African countries channel more money to France than they receive in aid and have no sovereignty over their monetary policies.<ref name="2020_nzaou_kongo" /> In January 2019, Italian ministers accused France of impoverishing Africa through the CFA franc, and criticism continued from various African organizations. On 21 December 2019, President [[Alassane Ouattara]] of the [[Ivory Coast]] and President [[Emmanuel Macron]] of France announced an initiative to replace the West African CFA Franc with the [[Eco (currency)|Eco]]. Subsequently, a reform of the West African CFA franc was initiated. In May 2020, the French National Assembly agreed to end the French engagement in the West African CFA franc. The countries using the currency will no longer have to deposit half of their foreign exchange reserves with the French Treasury.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/05/21/france-ratifies-law-officially-ending-75-years-of-west-africa-cfa|title=France ratifies law officially ending 75 years of West Africa CFA|date=2020-05-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> In December 2024, in a report adopted by the French Foreign Affairs Committee, it was published that the reform of the CFA franc in 2019 had been incomplete, largely due to the reluctance of African heads of state to complete it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Voir l'Afrique dans tous ses États |work=Senat.fr |url=https://www.senat.fr/rap/r24-288/r24-288-syn.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi9mYjh5LuLAxWGKvsDHWKGJeIQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0SAogJuRI4pypo8w77_mzk}}</ref>

In November 2024, the 'Tournons la Page' network and the Sciences Po Center for International Research (CERI) published a survey on relations between West African and Central African countries from former French possessions. Nearly 95% of West Africans surveyed expressed their desire to leave.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Le rejet de la France en Afrique davantage le fruit de ses politiques que de la désinformation, selon un rapport |work=Senat.fr |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20241109-le-rejet-de-la-france-en-afrique-davantage-le-fruit-de-ses-politiques-que-de-la-d%C3%A9sinformation-selon-un-rapport}}</ref>

The broader [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), which includes the members of UEMOA, plans to introduce its own common currency for its member states by 2027, for which they have also formally adopted the name [[Eco (currency)|Eco]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=West Africa: ECOWAS Heads of State Name Single Currency ECO |work=AllAfrica |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201907010044.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=West Africa regional bloc adopts new plans to launch ECO single currency in 2027 |work=REUTERS |url=https://jp.reuters.com/article/ozatp-uk-westafrica-summit-currency-idAFKCN2DW060-OZATP}}</ref>

=== Debate on ending the Central African CFA ===

On April 25, 2023, the subject of the CFA franc was discussed at the ministerial meeting of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) and France. The French perceive the guarantee provided to the CFA franc, and the assurance of its convertibility, as a pillar of economic stability for the region. France remains “open” and “available” to CEMAC proposals to reform monetary cooperation in Central Africa, as has happened in West Africa.[https://rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230425-ressources-financi%C3%A8res-et-franc-cfa-%C3%A0-paris-une-r%C3%A9union-minist%C3%A9rielle-cemac-france-aux-multiples-enjeux]
=== Activism against the CFA Franc ===
In May 2025, activists, economists and civil society representatives opposed to the use of the CFA franc will organize conferences and meetings across African capitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://leadership.ng/africa-demands-monetary-independence-as-activists-protest-against-cfa-franc-in-mali/ |title=Africa Demands Monetary Independence As Activists Protest Against CFA Franc In Mali |agency=leadership.nv |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>