Editing Córdoba, Spain (section)

===Prehistory, antiquity and Roman foundation of the city===
[[File:Reconstrucción templo romano de Córdoba.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the [[Roman temple of Córdoba]]|left]]
The first traces of human presence in the area are remains of a [[Neanderthal]] dating to {{circa|42,000}} to 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neanderthals Died Out Earlier Than Thought |website=[[Live Science]] |date=4 February 2013 |url=http://www.livescience.com/26831-neanderthals-died-earlier.html |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702233946/http://www.livescience.com/26831-neanderthals-died-earlier.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tartessos|Pre-urban settlements]] around the mouth of the Guadalquivir are known to have existed from the 8th century BC. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}} The first historical mention of a settlement dates to the [[ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] expansion across the Guadalquivir.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}} Córdoba was conquered by the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] in 206 BC.{{citation needed|date = April 2016}}

In 169 BC, [[Roman consul]] [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)|Marcus Claudius Marcellus]], the grandson of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]], who had governed both [[Hispania Ulterior]] and [[Hispania Citerior]] respectively, founded a newer settlement alongside the pre-existing one.<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2012">{{cite book |first1=Simon J. |last1=Keay |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Hornblower |editor-first2=Antony |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first3=Esther |editor-last3=Eidinow |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |chapter=Corduba |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA374 |date=29 March 2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |page=374 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032638/https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA374#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The date is contested; it could have been founded in 152 BC. Between 143 and 141 BC the town was besieged by [[Viriatus]]. A [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] is known to have existed in the city in 113 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Vaquerizo, D. |author2=Murillo, J. |year=2016 |title=The suburbs of Cordoba, Spain |journal=Estoa |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=37–60, esp. p. 40 |doi=10.18537/est.v005.n009.04 |url=https://publicaciones.ucuenca.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/estoa/article/view/1021/889 |access-date=17 December 2019 |doi-access=free |hdl=10396/15641 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804212145/https://publicaciones.ucuenca.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/estoa/article/view/1021/889 |url-status=live }}</ref> The famous [[Cordoba Treasure]], with mixed local and Roman artistic traditions, was buried in the city at this time; it is now in the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://culturalinstitute.britishmuseum.org/asset-viewer/cordoba-treasure/_QF0AsYh3vFr1Q?hl=en |title=Cordoba Treasure |website=The British Museum |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032641/https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/the-british-museum |url-status=live }}</ref>

Corduba became a colonia with the name ''Colonia Patricia''<ref name="Pollini2012">{{cite book |first=John |last=Pollini |title=From Republic to Empire: Rhetoric, Religion, and Power in the Visual Culture of Ancient Rome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJDV1USNxQ0C&pg=PA531 |date=20 November 2012 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8816-4 |page=531 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032638/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJDV1USNxQ0C&pg=PA531#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> between 46 and 45 BC. It was sacked by [[Julius Caesar]] in 45 because of its fealty to [[Pompey]] and resettled with veteran soldiers by [[Augustus]]. It became the capital of [[Baetica]], with a forum and numerous temples, and was the main center of Roman intellectual life in ''Hispania Ulterior''.<ref name="Isaksen2008">{{cite journal |last1=Isaksen |first1=Leif |title=The application of network analysis to ancient transport geography: A case study of Roman Baetica |journal=Digital Medievalist |date=21 March 2008 |volume=4 |doi=10.16995/dm.20 |language=en |issn=1715-0736 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2012" /> The Roman philosopher [[Seneca the Younger]], his father, the orator [[Seneca the Elder]], and his nephew, the poet [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucan]] came from Roman Córdoba.<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth201291">{{cite book |first1=Simon J. |last1=Keay |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Hornblower |editor-first2=Antony |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first3=Esther |editor-last3=Eidinow |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |date=29 March 2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |pages=91–92 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032638/https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the late Roman period, [[Hosius of Corduba]] or "Bishop Ossius" was the dominant figure of the [[Latin Church]] throughout the earlier 4th century.<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2012" /> Later, Corduba occupied an important place in the ''[[Spania|Provincia Hispaniae]]'' of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (552–572); the Visigoths conquered it in the late 6th century.<ref name="Roth1994">{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Roth |title=Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHh5plYLhHEC&pg=PA7 |year=1994 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-09971-9 |page=7 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032750/https://books.google.com/books?id=bHh5plYLhHEC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Doak2009">{{cite book |first=Robin S. |last=Doak |title=Empire of the Islamic World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptOrLFoRnM8C&pg=PA70 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0317-4 |page=70 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925032750/https://books.google.com/books?id=ptOrLFoRnM8C&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>