Editing Budapest (section)

=== Early history ===

[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - BVJA.png|thumb|upright=2.05|[[Buda]] during the [[Middle Ages]], woodcut from the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]] (1493)]]

The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by [[Celts]]<ref name=Aqua /> before 1&nbsp;AD. It was later occupied by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The Roman settlement – [[Aquincum]] – became the main city of [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia Inferior]] in 106&nbsp;AD.<ref name=Aqua /> At first it was a military settlement, and gradually the city rose around it, making it the focal point of the city's commercial life. Today this area corresponds to the Óbuda district within Budapest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lovelybudapest.com/en/about-budapest/budapest-attractions.html |title=Association of professional tour guides |publisher=Lovely Budapest |access-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514030640/http://lovelybudapest.com/en/about-budapest/budapest-attractions.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Romans constructed roads, [[amphitheater]]s, [[Public bathing|baths]] and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp.<ref name=Frank>{{cite book |last=Sugar |first=Peter F. |title=A History of Hungary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=The+Romans+roads,+amphitheaters+Aquincum+%C3%93buda&pg=PR9 |access-date=3 June 2008 |year=1990 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20867-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/5 5] |chapter=Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/5}}</ref> The Roman city of Aquincum is the best-conserved of the Roman sites in [[Hungary]]. The archaeological site was turned into a museum with indoor and open-air sections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aquincum.hu/en/ |title=Aquincum – Aquincum Múzeum |publisher=Aquincum.hu}}</ref> Meanwhile, settlement in the area east of the Danube, which was not part of the Roman Empire, remained Germanic and Sarmatian in character.<ref>Nagy, Margit (2023). ''Das jüngerkaiserzeitliche Gräberfeld von Budapest-Rákoscsaba, Péceli út (2.–4. Jahrhundert). Ein grenznaher Fundort im Barbaricum gegenüber Aquincum'' [The Late Imperial cemetery of Budapest-Rákoscsaba, Péceli út (2nd-4th century). A site close to the border in Barbaricum opposite Aquincum] ([https://doi.org/10.62150/MABiPD.1.1.2023 volume 1], [https://doi.org/10.62150/MABiPD.1.2.2023 volume 2]). Budapest, {{ISBN|978-615-5254-12-3}}, especially vol. 1, pp. 15–24.</ref>

[[Hungarian people|The Magyar]] tribes led by [[Árpád]], forced out of their original homeland north of [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] by [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Tsar Simeon]] after the [[Battle of Southern Buh]], settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century displacing the founding Bulgarian settlers of the towns of Buda and Pest,<ref name=Travel /><ref>Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 12</ref> and a century later officially founded the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref name=Travel /> Research places the probable residence of the [[Árpáds]] as an early place of central power near what became Budapest.<ref>Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 14</ref> The [[First Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongol invasion]] in the 13th century quickly proved it is difficult to defend a plain.<ref name=Encarta /><ref name=Travel /> King [[Béla IV of Hungary]], therefore, ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns<ref name=Travel /> and set his own royal palace on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. German settlers were invited to rebuild and inhabit both Buda and Pest.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seewann|first=Gerhard |date=2012 |title=Geschichte der Deutschen in Ungarn |language=German |trans-title=History of the Germans in Hungary |url=https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/104/file/PUB_Herder-Institut_Studien_24-1_9783879693733.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820205653/https://digital.herder-institut.de/publications/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/104/file/PUB_Herder-Institut_Studien_24-1_9783879693733.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2023-08-20|access-date=26 March 2025|publisher=Herder-Institut|place= Marburg|isbn=978-3-87969-373-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vadas|first1=András|last2=Nagy|first2=Balázs|last3=Laszlovszky|first3=József |last4=Szabó|first4=Péter|title=The Economy of Medieval Hungary|page=500|publisher=Brill|year=2018|isbn=978-900436-390-8|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Economy_of_Medieval_Hungary/1IRXDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA500&printsec=frontcover|access-date=26 March 2025}}</ref> In 1361 it became the capital of Hungary.<ref name=Eleventh /><ref name=Encarta />

The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|King Matthias Corvinus]]. The [[Italian Renaissance]] had a great influence on the city. His library, the [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]], was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second in size only to the [[Vatican Library]].<ref name=Encarta /> After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in [[Pécs]] in 1367 ([[University of Pécs]]), the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395 ([[University of Óbuda]]).<ref name=Sugar>{{cite book |last=Sugar |first=Peter F. |title=A History of Hungary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=Hungarian+university+1395+Buda&pg=PR9 |access-date=3 June 2008 |year=1990 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20867-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/48 48] |chapter=The Angevine State |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhungary00pete/page/48}}</ref> The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mona |first=Ilona |year=1974 |title=Hungarian Music Publication 1774–1867 |journal=Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |volume=16 |issue=1/4 |pages=261–275 |doi=10.2307/901850 |jstor=901850|issn=0039-3266}}</ref> Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around the year 1500.<ref name="Peter F. Sugar page 88">Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804, Peter F. Sugar, page 88</ref>

[[File:Reprise Buda 1686.jpg|thumb|right|''Retaking of Buda from the Ottoman Empire'', painted by [[Frans Geffels]] in 1686]]

The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquered Buda in 1526, as well as in 1529, and finally [[Siege of Buda (1541)|occupied]] it in 1541.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/400 |title=Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue |author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Hungary|Ottoman Rule]] lasted for more than 150 years.<ref name=Encarta /> The Ottoman [[Turkish people|Turks]] constructed many prominent bathing facilities within the city.<ref name=Travel /> Some of the baths that the Turks erected during their rule are still in use 500 years later, including [[Rudas Baths]] and [[Király Baths]]. By 1547 the number of Christians was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy.<ref name="Peter F. Sugar page 88" /> The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] as [[Royal Hungary]].

In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful [[siege of Buda (1684)|siege of Buda]], a renewed campaign was started to enter Buda. This time, the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]]'s army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including [[Holy Roman Empire|German]], [[Croat]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], Hungarian, English, Spanish, [[Czechs|Czech]], Italian, French, [[Burgundians|Burgundian]], [[Danes|Danish]] and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, [[artillery]]men, and officers. The Christian forces [[Siege of Buda (1686)|seized Buda]], and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Temesvár ([[Timișoara]]), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], these territorial changes were officially recognized as the end of the rule of the Turks, and in 1718 the entire [[Kingdom of Hungary]] was removed from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]].