Editing Brunei (section)

=== Early history ===
{{stack |float=left |[[File:The Tomb of the King of Boni (Brunei) Nanjing.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Tomb of the King of Boni]] in [[Nanjing]], [[Jiangsu]], China. It is the resting place of [[Abdul Majid Hassan|Maharaja Karna]] (1379-1408), a ruler of Brunei.]]}}

Areas comprising what is now Brunei participated in the Maritime Jade Road, as ascertained by archeological research. The trading network existed for 3,000 years, between 2000 BC to 1000 AD.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> The settlement known as Vijayapura was a vassal-state to the Buddhist [[Srivijaya]] empire and was thought to be located in Borneo's Northwest which flourished in the 7th Century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wendy Hutton |title=Adventure Guides: East Malaysia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA31 |access-date=26 May 2013 |date=2000 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-962-593-180-7 |pages=31–57}}</ref> Vijayapura itself upon earlier in its history, was a rump state of the fallen multi-ethnic: Austronesian, Austroasiatic and Indian, [[kingdom of Funan|Funan Civilization]]; previously located in what is now Cambodia.<ref name="Nicholl">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4 Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl] p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.</ref>{{rp|36}} This alternative Srivijaya known as Vijayapura referring to Brunei, was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza".<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4 Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720181722/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4 |date=20 July 2021 }} p. 35 citing Ferrand. Relations, page 564–65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, pg 47.</ref>

One of the earliest Chinese records of an independent kingdom in Borneo is the 977 AD letter to the Chinese emperor from the ruler of Boni, which some scholars believe to refer to Borneo.<ref name="Hutton2000">{{cite book|author=Wendy Hutton|title=Adventure Guides: East Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA30|year=2000|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-962-593-180-7|page=30}}</ref> The Bruneians regained their independence from Srivijaya due to the onset of a Javanese-Sumatran war.<ref>Coedes, Indianized States, Page 128, 132.</ref> In 1225, the Chinese official [[Zhao Rukuo]] reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, and that there was great wealth in the kingdom.{{sfn|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009|p=43}} Marco Polo suggested in his memoirs that the Great Khan or the ruler of the Mongol Empire, attempted and failed many times in invading "Great Java" which was the European name for Bruneian controlled Borneo.<ref>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1983) Page 40. Published by: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=December 2021}}

According to Wang Zhenping, in the 1300s, the ''Yuan Dade nanhai zhi'' or "Yuan dynasty Dade period southern sea records" reported that Brunei conquered or administered [[Sarawak]] and [[Sabah]] as well as the Philippine kingdoms of [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], [[Ma-i]] (Mindoro), Malilu 麻裏蘆 ([[Maynila (historical polity)|Manila]]), [[Sanmalan|Shahuchong]] 沙胡重 (Siocon or [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]]), Yachen 啞陳 [[Oton]], and 文杜陵 Wenduling ([[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Mindanao]]),<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213131445/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf |date=13 February 2023 }} By Wang Zhenping Page 256.</ref> which would regain their independence at a later date.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ab027257328390a5b4d7284dcfce8eaef&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contentsFrom Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203140707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072046?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior:b027257328390a5b4d7284dcfce8eaef&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contentsFrom |date=3 December 2022 }} By: Roderich Ptak. Page 280</ref>

In the 14th century, the [[Java]]nese manuscript ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', written by [[Mpu Prapanca|Prapanca]] in 1365, mentioned ''Barune'' as the constituent state of Hindu [[Majapahit]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Naskah Nagarakretagama | publisher=Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia | url=http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm | language=id | access-date=13 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523163555/http://kelembagaan.pnri.go.id/Digital_Docs/homepage_folders/activities/highlight/naskah_nagara_kretagama/isi.htm | archive-date=23 May 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> which had to make an annual [[tribute]] of 40 [[catty|katis]] of [[camphor]]. In 1369, Sulu which was also formerly part of Majapahit, had successfully rebelled and then attacked Boni, and had invaded the Northeast Coast of Borneo<ref>Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422.</ref> and afterwards had looted the capital of its treasure and gold including sacking two sacred pearls. A fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Boni was left weaker after the attack.{{sfn|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009|p=44}} A Chinese report from 1371 described Boni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit.{{sfn|History for Brunei Darussalam|2009|p=45}} When the Chinese admiral [[Zheng He]] visited the Brunei in the early 15th century, he founded a major trading port which included Chinese people who were actively trading with China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Church |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FW8wDgAAQBAJ |title=A Short History of South-East Asia |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-119-06249-3 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

During the 15th century, Boni had seceded from Majapahit and then converted to Islam. Thus transforming into the independent Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a [[Hashemite]] state when she allowed the Arab Emir of Mecca, [[Sharif Ali]], to become her third sultan.

As customary for close affiliation and alliances in Southeast Asia, the royal family of Luzon intermarried with the ruling houses of the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]].<ref name="Junker1998">{{cite journal | title=Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms | author=Junker, Laura Lee | journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology | year=1998 | volume=2 | issue=4| pages=291–320 | doi=10.1023/A:1022611908759 | s2cid=141415414 }}</ref> Intermarriage was a common strategy for Southeast Asian states to extend their influence.<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book | last = Scott | first = William Henry | author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press | year = 1994 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 978-971-550-135-4  }}</ref>  However, Islamic Brunei's power was not uncontested in Borneo since it had a Hindu rival in a state founded by Indians called [[Kutai]] in the south which they overpowered but didn't destroy.

Nevertheless, by the 16th century, Islam was firmly rooted in Brunei, and the country had built one of its biggest mosques. In 1578, Alonso Beltrán, a Spanish traveller, described it as being five stories tall and built on the water.<ref>{{Harvnb|Nicholl|2002|pp=47–51}}</ref>