Editing Borland (section)

===Borland International, Inc. era===
Borland developed various software development tools. Its first product was [[Turbo Pascal]] in 1983, developed by [[Anders Hejlsberg]] (who later developed [[.NET]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] for [[Microsoft]]) and before Borland acquired the product which was sold in Scandinavia under the name ''Compas Pascal''. In 1984, Borland launched [[Borland Sidekick|Sidekick]], a time organization, notebook, and calculator utility that was an early [[terminate-and-stay-resident program]] (TSR) for [[MS-DOS]] compatible operating systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eckhouse |first=R. |date=May 1986 |title=New Product Reviews |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1695555 |journal=IEEE Software |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=79–80 |doi=10.1109/MS.1986.233729 |s2cid=47193752 |issn=1937-4194}}</ref>

By the mid-1980s, the company had an exhibit at the 1985 [[West Coast Computer Faire]] along with [[IBM]] and [[AT&T]].<ref name="pournelle198508">{{cite news |last=Pournelle |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |date=August 1985 |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1985-08/page/n299/mode/2up |title=The West Coast Computer Faire |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=293–326 |website=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-08/1985_08_BYTE_10-08_Declarative_Languages#page/n299/mode/2up |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref> [[Bruce Webster]] reported that "the legend of Turbo Pascal has by now reached mythic proportions, as evidenced by the number of firms that, in marketing meetings, make plans to become 'the next Borland'".<ref name="webster198608">{{cite news |last=Webster |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Webster |date=August 1986 |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1986-08/1986_08_BYTE_11-08_Object-Oriented_Languages#page/n355/mode/2up |title=Going to the Faire |website=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |access-date=23 September 2016 |pages=323–328}}</ref> After Turbo Pascal and Sidekick, the company launched other applications such as SuperKey and Lightning, all developed in Denmark. While the Danes remained majority shareholders, board members included Kahn, [[Tim Berry (entrepreneur)|Tim Berry]], John Nash, and David Heller. With the assistance of John Nash and David Heller, both British members of the Borland Board, the company was taken public on London's Unlisted Securities Market (USM) in 1986.

[[Schroders]] was the lead investment banker. According to the London IPO filings, the management team was Philippe Kahn as president, Spencer Ozawa as VP of Operations, Marie Bourget as CFO, and Spencer Leyton as VP of sales and business development. All software development continued to take place in Denmark and later London as the Danish co-founders moved there. A first US IPO followed in 1989 after Ben Rosen joined the Borland board with [[Goldman Sachs]] as the lead banker and a second offering in 1991 with Lazard as the lead banker.

In 1985, Borland acquired Analytica and its [[Borland Reflex|Reflex]] database product. [[Forrester Research]] considered Borland with Analytica, [[Ashton-Tate]], [[Lotus Development]], and Microsoft the "Big Four" of personal computer software.<ref name="forbes19851021">{{Cite magazine |last=Forbes |first=Jim |date=1985-10-21 |title=Corporate Mergers Offer Clout |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jy8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=true |access-date=2025-03-16 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=24}}</ref> The engineering team of Analytica, managed by [[Brad Silverberg]] and including Reflex co-founder [[Adam Bosworth]], became the core of Borland's engineering team in the US. Brad Silverberg was VP of engineering until he left in early 1990 to head up the Personal Systems division at Microsoft. Adam Bosworth initiated and headed up the [[Quattro Pro|Quattro]] project until moving to Microsoft later in 1990 to take over the project which eventually became [[Microsoft Access|Access]].

In 1987, Borland purchased Wizard Systems and incorporated portions of the Wizard C technology into [[Turbo C]]. Bob Jervis, the author of Wizard C became a Borland employee. Turbo C was released on May 18, 1987. This drove a wedge between Borland and Niels Jensen and the other members of his team who had been working on a brand-new series of compilers at their London development centre. They reached an agreement and spun off a company named Jensen & Partners International (JPI), later TopSpeed. JPI first launched an MS-DOS compiler named JPI Modula-2, which later became TopSpeed Modula-2, and followed up with TopSpeed C, TopSpeed C++, and TopSpeed Pascal compilers for both the MS-DOS and OS/2 operating systems. The TopSpeed compiler technology still exists as the underlying technology of the [[Clarion (programming language)|Clarion]] 4GL programming language, a Windows development tool.

In September 1987, Borland purchased Ansa-Software, including their [[Borland Paradox|Paradox]] (version 2.0) [[database#Database management system|database management]] tool. Richard Schwartz, a cofounder of Ansa, became Borland's CTO and Ben Rosen joined the Borland board.

The [[Quattro Pro]] spreadsheet was launched in 1989. Lotus Development, under the leadership of [[Jim Manzi]], sued Borland for copyright infringement (see [[Look and feel]]). The litigation, ''[[Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.]]'',<ref name=LotusVBorland>{{cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18208011207990458376&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr |title=Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc., 516 U.S. 233|access-date=April 24, 2012}}</ref> brought forward Borland's open standards position as opposed to Lotus' closed approach. Borland, under Kahn's leadership, took a position of principle and announced that they would defend against Lotus' legal position and "fight for programmer's rights".{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} After a decision in favour of Borland by the [[First Circuit Court of Appeals]], the case went to the United States Supreme Court. Because Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] had recused himself, only eight justices heard the case, and concluded in a 4–4 tie.<ref name=LotusVBorland/> As a result, the First Circuit Court decision remained standing but did not bind any other court and set no national precedent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Black |first1=Ryan |last2=Epstein |first2=Lee |title=Recusal and the "Problem" of an Equally Divided Supreme Court |journal=Journal of Appellate Practice and Process |date=Spring 2005 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=75–99, 81 |url=http://epstein.usc.edu/research/recusal.html |access-date=April 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313215531/http://epstein.usc.edu/research/recusal.html |archive-date=2012-03-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Additionally, Borland's approach towards [[Copyright infringement of software|software piracy]] and [[intellectual property]] (IP) included its "Borland no-nonsense license agreement"; allowing the developer/user to utilize its products "just like a book". The user was allowed to make multiple copies of a program, as long as it was the only copy in use at any point in time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Borland in the 1980s: "Treat Software Just Like a Book" – OSnews|url=https://www.osnews.com/story/22342/borland-in-the-1980s-treat-software-just-like-a-book/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=www.osnews.com}}</ref>