Editing Borderline personality disorder (section)

===Interpersonal relationships===
Interpersonal relationships are significantly impacted in individuals with BPD, characterized by a heightened sensitivity to the behavior and actions of others. Individuals with BPD can be very conscious of and susceptible to their perceived or real treatment by others. Individuals may experience profound happiness and gratitude for perceived kindness, yet feel intense sadness or anger<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hepp J, Lane SP, Carpenter RW, Niedtfeld I, Brown WC, Trull TJ|year=2017|title=Interpersonal Problems and Negative Affect in Borderline Personality and Depressive Disorders in Daily Life|journal=[[Clinical Psychological Science]]|publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|volume=5|issue=3|pages=470–484|doi=10.1177/2167702616677312|pmid=28529826|pmc=5436804|quote=[We] assessed the relations between momentary negative affect (hostility, sadness, fear) and interpersonal problems (rejection, disagreement) in a sample of 80 BPD and 51 depressed outpatients at 6 time-points over 28 days [...] Results revealed a mutually reinforcing relationship between disagreement and hostility, rejection and hostility, and between rejection and sadness in both groups, at the momentary and day level. The mutual reinforcement between hostility and rejection/disagreement was significantly stronger in the BPD group.}}</ref> towards perceived criticism or harm.<ref name="cogemo">{{cite journal|vauthors=Arntz A|date=September 2005|title=Introduction to special issue: cognition and emotion in borderline personality disorder|journal=[[Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry]]|volume=36|issue=3|pages=167–72|doi=10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.06.001|pmid=16018875}}</ref> A notable feature of BPD is the tendency to engage in [[idealization and devaluation]] of others – that is to idealize and subsequently devalue others – oscillating between extreme admiration and profound mistrust or dislike.<ref>{{harvnb|Linehan|1993|page=146}}</ref> This pattern, referred to as "[[Splitting (psychology)|splitting]]", can significantly influence the dynamics of interpersonal relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=What Is BPD: Symptoms|url=http://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com/understading-bpd/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210110927/http://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com/understading-bpd/|archive-date=10 February 2013|access-date=31 January 2013|website=National Education Alliance for Borderline Personality Disorder}}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|vauthors=Robinson DJ|title=Disordered Personalities|publisher=Rapid Psychler Press|year=2005|pages=255–310|isbn=978-1-894328-09-8}}</ref> In addition to this external "splitting",  patients with BPD typically have internal splitting, i.e. vacillation between considering oneself a good person who has been mistreated (in which case anger predominates) and a bad person whose life has no value (in which case self-destructive or even suicidal behavior may occur). This splitting is also evident in black-and-white or all-or-nothing dichotomous thinking.<ref name="Gund2011" />

Despite a strong desire for intimacy, individuals with BPD may exhibit insecure, avoidant, ambivalent, or fearfully preoccupied [[Attachment theory#Attachment patterns|attachment styles]] in relationships, complicating their interactions and connections with others.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Levy KN, Meehan KB, Weber M, Reynoso J, Clarkin JF|title=Attachment and borderline personality disorder: implications for psychotherapy|journal=Psychopathology|volume=38|issue=2|pages=64–74|year=2005|pmid=15802944|doi=10.1159/000084813|s2cid=10203453}}</ref> Family members, including parents of adults with BPD, may find themselves in a cycle of being overly involved in the individual's life at times and, at other times, significantly detached,<ref name="parents">{{cite journal|vauthors=Allen DM, Farmer RG|title=Family relationships of adults with borderline personality disorder|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=37|issue=1|pages=43–51|year=1996|pmid=8770526|doi=10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90050-4}}</ref> contributing to a sense of alienation within the family unit.<ref name="Gund2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gunderson JG|title=Clinical practice. Borderline personality disorder|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=364|issue=21|pages=2037–2042|date=May 2011|pmid=21612472|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1007358|hdl=10150/631040|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Anthropologist Rebecca Lester argues that BPD is a disorder of relationships and communication, namely that a person with BPD lacks the communication skills and knowledge to interact effectively with others within their society and culture given their life experience.<ref name="Lester 70–77">{{Cite journal|last=Lester|first=Rebecca J|date=February 2013|title=Lessons from the borderline: Anthropology, psychiatry, and the risks of being human|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0959353512467969|journal=Feminism & Psychology|volume=23|issue=1|pages=70–77|doi=10.1177/0959353512467969|issn=0959-3535}}</ref>

[[Personality disorders]], including BPD, are associated with an increased incidence of [[chronic stress]] and conflict, reduced satisfaction in romantic partnerships, [[domestic abuse]], and [[unintended pregnancies]].<ref name="Daley SE, Burge D, Hammen C 2000 451–60">{{cite journal|vauthors=Daley SE, Burge D, Hammen C|title=Borderline personality disorder symptoms as predictors of 4-year romantic relationship dysfunction in young women: addressing issues of specificity|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|volume=109|issue=3|pages=451–460|date=August 2000|pmid=11016115|doi=10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.451|citeseerx=10.1.1.588.6902}}</ref> Research indicates variability in relationship patterns among individuals with BPD. A portion of these individuals may transition rapidly between relationships, a pattern metaphorically described as "butterfly-like," characterized by fleeting and transient interactions and "fluttering" in and out of relationships.<ref name="Ryan_2007">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ryan K, Shean G|date=2007-01-01|title=Patterns of interpersonal behaviors and borderline personality characteristics|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=42|issue=2|pages=193–200|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.010|issn=0191-8869}}</ref> Conversely, a subgroup, referred to as "attached," tends to establish fewer but more intense and dependent relationships. These connections often form rapidly, evolving into deeply intertwined and tumultuous bonds.<ref name="Ryan_2007" /> In certain cases, BPD may be recognized as a [[disability]] within the workplace, particularly if the condition's severity results in behaviors that undermine relationships, involve engagement in risky activities, or manifest as intense anger, thereby inhibiting the individual's ability to perform their job role effectively.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Arvig TJ|title=Borderline personality disorder and disability|journal=AAOHN Journal|volume=59|issue=4|pages=158–60|date=April 2011|pmid=21462898|doi=10.1177/216507991105900401|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Individuals with BPD express higher levels of jealousy towards their partners in romantic relations.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.avb.2016.03.005|title=Battering typologies, attachment insecurity, and personality disorders: A comprehensive literature review|year=2016|last1=Cameranesi|first1=Margherita|journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior|volume=28|pages=29–46}}</ref><ref name="pmid16757985">{{cite journal|vauthors=Stone MH|title=Management of borderline personality disorder: a review of psychotherapeutic approaches|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=5|issue=1|pages=15–20|date=February 2006|pmid=16757985|pmc=1472266}}</ref>