Editing Bonobo (section)

=== Genetics and genomics ===
{{Infobox genome
| taxId = 10729
| ploidy = diploid
| chromosomes = 24 pairs
| size = 2,869.21 Mb
| year = 2012, 2021
}}
Relationships of bonobos to humans and other [[ape]]s can be determined by comparing their [[gene]]s or whole [[genome]]s. While the first bonobo genome was published in 2012,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prüfer|first1=Kay|last2=Munch|first2=Kasper|last3=Hellmann|first3=Ines|last4=Akagi|first4=Keiko|last5=Miller|first5=Jason R.|last6=Walenz|first6=Brian|last7=Koren|first7=Sergey|last8=Sutton|first8=Granger|last9=Kodira|first9=Chinnappa|last10=Winer|first10=Roger|last11=Knight|first11=James R.|date=June 2012|title=The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes|url= |journal=Nature|volume=486|issue=7404|pages=527–531|doi=10.1038/nature11128|pmc=3498939|pmid=22722832|bibcode=2012Natur.486..527P}}</ref> a high-quality reference genome became available only in 2021.<ref name="Mao-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Mao|first1=Yafei|last2=Catacchio|first2=Claudia R.|last3=Hillier|first3=LaDeana W.|last4=Porubsky|first4=David|last5=Li|first5=Ruiyang|last6=Sulovari|first6=Arvis|last7=Fernandes|first7=Jason D.|last8=Montinaro|first8=Francesco|last9=Gordon|first9=David S.|last10=Storer|first10=Jessica M.|last11=Haukness|first11=Marina|date=2021-05-05|title=A high-quality bonobo genome refines the analysis of hominid evolution|journal=Nature|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=77–81|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03519-x|pmid=33953399|pmc=8172381|bibcode=2021Natur.594...77M}}</ref> The overall nucleotide divergence between chimpanzee and bonobo based on the latter is 0.421 ± 0.086% for autosomes and 0.311 ± 0.060% for the X chromosome.<ref name="Mao-2021" /> The reference genome predicts 22,366 full-length protein-coding genes and 9,066 noncoding genes, although [[Complementary DNA|cDNA]] sequencing confirmed only 20,478 protein-coding and 36,880 noncoding bonobo genes,<ref name="Mao-2021" /> similar to the number of genes annotated in the [[human genome]]. Overall, 206 and 1,576 protein-coding genes are part of gene families that contracted or expanded in the bonobo genome compared to the human genome, respectively, that is, these genes were lost or gained in the bonobo genome compared to humans.<ref name="Mao-2021" />