Editing Bone (section)

=== Trabeculae <span class="anchor" id="Cancellous bone"></span>===
{{Further|Trabecula#Bone trabecula}}
[[File:Spongy bone - trabecules.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of cancellous bone]]

'''Cancellous bone''' or '''spongy bone''',<ref name="SEER">{{cite web |title=Structure of Bone Tissue | work = SEER Training |url=https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/tissue.html |publisher = Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) U.S. National Cancer Institute |access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Young|2006|p=192}} also known as '''trabecular bone''', is the internal tissue of the skeletal bone and is an open cell [[Porosity|porous]] network that follows the material properties of [[biofoams]].<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Meyers MA, Chen PY, Lin AY, Seki Y |date= January 2008 |title=Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079642507000254 |journal=Progress in Materials Science |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=1–206 |doi=10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002 |issn=0079-6425}}</ref><ref name="Buss_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Buss DJ, Kröger R, McKee MD, Reznikov N | title = Hierarchical organization of bone in three dimensions: A twist of twists | journal = Journal of Structural Biology | volume = 6 | page = 100057 | date = 2022 | pmid = 35072054 | pmc = 8762463 | doi = 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2021.100057 }}</ref> Cancellous bone has a higher [[surface-area-to-volume ratio]] than cortical bone and it is less [[dense]]. This makes it weaker and more flexible. The greater surface area also makes it suitable for metabolic activities such as the exchange of calcium ions. Cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, near joints, and in the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly [[Blood vessel|vascular]] and often contains red [[bone marrow]] where [[hematopoiesis]], the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the [[trabecula]]. The trabeculae are aligned towards the mechanical load distribution that a bone experiences within long bones such as the [[femur]]. As far as short bones are concerned, trabecular alignment has been studied in the [[vertebral]] [[pedicle of vertebral arch|pedicle]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gdyczynski CM, Manbachi A, Hashemi S, Lashkari B, Cobbold RS | title = On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images | journal = Physiological Measurement | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 2415–2428 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25391037 | doi = 10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415 | s2cid = 206078730 | bibcode = 2014PhyM...35.2415G }}</ref> Thin formations of [[osteoblast]]s covered in endosteum create an irregular network of spaces,{{sfn|Young|2006|p=195}} known as trabeculae. Within these spaces are [[bone marrow]] and [[hematopoietic stem cell]]s that give rise to [[platelet]]s, [[red blood cell]]s and [[white blood cell]]s.{{sfn|Young|2006|p=195}} Trabecular marrow is composed of a network of rod- and plate-like elements that make the overall organ lighter and allow room for blood vessels and marrow. Trabecular bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass but has nearly ten times the surface area of compact bone.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Hall SJ |title=Basic Biomechanics with OLC.|date=2007|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Burr Ridge|isbn=978-0-07-126041-1|page=88|edition=5th }}</ref>

The words ''cancellous'' and ''trabecular'' refer to the tiny lattice-shaped units (trabeculae) that form the tissue. It was first illustrated accurately in the engravings of [[Crisóstomo Martinez]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gomez S | title = Crisóstomo Martinez, 1638-1694: the discoverer of trabecular bone | journal = Endocrine | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–4 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 12014701 | doi = 10.1385/ENDO:17:1:03 | s2cid = 46340228 }}</ref>