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===Black Panthers=== {{main|Black Panthers}} Bobby Seale and [[Huey P. Newton]] were strongly inspired by the teachings of activist [[Malcolm X]], who had been [[Assassination of Malcolm X|assassinated in 1965]]. The two joined together in October 1966 to create the [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther Party for Self-Defense]], which adopted the late activist's slogan "freedom by any means necessary" as their own. Prior to starting the Black Panther Party, Seale and Newton created a group known as the Soul Students Advisory Council. The group was organized to operate through "ultra-democracy", defined as individualism manifesting itself as an aversion to discipline. "The goal was to develop a college campus group that would help develop leadership; to go back to the black community and serve the black community in a revolutionary fashion".{{sfn|Seale|1991|pages=59β62}} After the inception of Soul Students Advisory Council, Seale and Newton founded the group they are most identified with, the Black Panther Party. They wanted to organize the black community to express their desires and needs in order to resist the racism and classism perpetuated by the system. Seale described the Panthers as "an organization that represents black people and many white radicals relate to this and understand that the Black Panther Party is a righteous revolutionary front against this racist decadent, capitalistic system."<ref name="The Black Panther Leaders Speak">"On Violent Revolution", ''The Black Panther Leaders Speak',' pp. 21β22.</ref> According to Seale, in 1967 he and Newton obtained copies of [[Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong|''Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong'']] from the Chinese Book Store in San Francisco to sell at [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name=":232223">{{Cite book |last=Mullen |first=Bill V. |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=By the Book: Quotations from Chairman Mao and the Making of Afro-Asian Radicalism, 1966-1975}}</ref>{{Rp|page=245}} With the proceeds, they purchased weapons to arm Black Panther Party members for self-defense against police brutality.<ref name=":232223" />{{Rp|page=245}} ==== Writing ==== Seale and Newton together wrote the doctrines "What We Want Now!", which Seale said were intended to be "the practical, specific things we need and that should exist", and "What We Believe", which outlines the philosophical principles of the Black Panther Party in order to educate the people and disseminate information about the specifics of the party's platform.{{sfn|Seale|1991|page=11}} These writings were part of the party's [[Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)|Ten-Point Program]]. Also known as "The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense Ten-Point Platform and Program", this was a set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation. Seale and Newton named Newton as Minister of Defense and Seale as the Chairman of the party.{{sfn|Seale|1991|page=62}} During his time with the Panthers, Seale was kept under surveillance by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) as part of its illegal [[COINTELPRO]] program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archival newsfilm footage of a Bobby Seale press conference on police intimidation, from 1966 |url=http://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/190422 |publisher=diva.sfsu.edu}}</ref> In 1968, Seale wrote [[Seize the Time (book)|''Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton'']] (1970).<ref>{{cite book|last=Seale|first=Bobby|url=http://libcom.org/files/STT.pdf|title=Seize The Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party}}</ref>
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