Editing Bloody Sunday (1972) (section)

==Events of the day==
{{Main|Narrative of events of Bloody Sunday (1972)}}
[[File:Rossville flats, Bogside - geograph.org.uk - 1306695.jpg|thumb|The Bogside in 1981, overlooking the area where many of the victims were shot. On the right of the picture is the south side of Rossville Flats, and in the middle distance is Glenfada Park.]]
The paratroopers arrived in Derry on the morning of the march and took up positions.<ref name="Saville3.1">{{Cite web |url=http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume01/chapter003 |website=Report of The Bloody Sunday Inquiry |title=Volume I, Chapter 3: The events of the day |publisher=Crown Copyright |year=2010 |access-date=22 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824013430/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume01/chapter003 |archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> Brigadier Pat MacLellan was the operational commander and issued orders from [[Ebrington Barracks]]. He gave orders to Lieutenant Colonel [[Derek Wilford]], commander of 1 Para. He in turn gave orders to Major [[Ted Loden]], who commanded the [[Company (military unit)|company]] who would launch the arrest operation. The protesters planned on marching from Bishop's Field, in the Creggan housing estate, to the Guildhall in the city centre, where they would hold a rally. The march set off at about 2:45{{nbsp}}p.m. There were 10,000–15,000 people on the march, with many joining along its route.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume02/chapter014/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101017065242/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume02/chapter014/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2010 |title=The beginning of the march – Chapter 14 – Volume II – Bloody Sunday Inquiry Report |website=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> Lord Widgery, in his now discredited tribunal,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0616/1224272613911.html |title=Relief and vindication in Derry at findings in 5,000-page report |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=26 March 2011 |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304063347/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0616/1224272613911.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/7827351/Bloody-Sunday-soldiers-should-face-trial-but-not-jail-families-say.html |title=Bloody Sunday: soldiers should face trial but not jail, families say |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=26 March 2011 |location=London |first1=John |last1=Bingham |first2=Rosa |last2=Prince |first3=Thomas |last3=Harding |date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=17 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617030613/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/7827351/Bloody-Sunday-soldiers-should-face-trial-but-not-jail-families-say.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://search.independent.co.uk/topic/saville-widgery |title=saville widgery |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=26 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129214943/http://search.independent.co.uk/topic/saville-widgery |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/1997/02/06/00031.asp |title=Written Answers. – Bloody Sunday Inquiry |publisher=House of the Oireachtas |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-date=14 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214141803/http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/1997/02/06/00031.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> said that there were only 3,000 to 5,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/181194/Bloody-Sunday-March-that-led-to-deadly-clashes |title=Bloody Sunday: March that led to deadly clashes |last=Flanagan |first=Padraic |work=Sunday Express |location=London |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121631/http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/181194/Bloody-Sunday-March-that-led-to-deadly-clashes |url-status=live}}</ref>

The march made its way along William Street but, as it neared the city centre, its path was blocked by British Army barriers. The organisers redirected the march down Rossville Street, intending to hold the rally at [[Free Derry Corner]] instead. However, some broke off from the march and began throwing stones at soldiers manning the barriers. The soldiers fired rubber bullets, [[CS gas]] and [[water cannon]]s.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. 15 June 2010. p. 14</ref> Such clashes between soldiers and youths were common, and observers reported that the rioting was no more violent than usual.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Pringle & Philip Jacobson |title=Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They? |location=London |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=2000 |isbn=1-84115-316-8 |page=100 |quote=…the level of rioting was no greater than usual – and no petrol bombs or nail bombs were being thrown."}}</ref>

Some of the crowd spotted paratroopers occupying a derelict three-story building overlooking William Street and began throwing stones up at the windows. At about 3:55{{nbsp}}p.m., these paratroopers opened fire. The civilians Damien Donaghy and John Johnston were shot and wounded while standing on waste ground opposite the building. These were the first shots fired.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }} [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 15</ref> The soldiers claimed Donaghy was holding a black cylindrical object,<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Pringle and Philip Jacobson |title=Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They? |location=London |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=2000 |isbn=1-84115-316-8}}P 116: "Seconds after the corporal fired, he would say that he spotted the same man with a black cylindrical object in one hand strike what appeared to be a match against the wall. Johnston was standing a few feet from Donaghy. One of the bullets sliced through his right thigh."</ref> but the Saville Inquiry concluded that all of those shot were unarmed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/15/bloody-sunday-inquiry-key-findings |title=Bloody Sunday inquiry: key findings |last1=Siddique |first1=Haroon |last2=French |first2=Megan |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=15 June 2010 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/15/bloody-sunday-inquiry-key-findings |url-status=live}}</ref>

At 4:07{{nbsp}}p.m., the paratroopers were ordered to go through the barriers and arrest rioters. The paratroopers, on foot and in armoured vehicles, chased people down Rossville Street and into the Bogside. Two people were knocked down by the vehicles. MacLellan had ordered that only one company of paratroopers be sent through the barriers, on foot, and that they should not chase people down Rossville Street. Wilford disobeyed this order, which meant there was no separation between rioters and peaceful marchers.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 17</ref> There were many claims of paratroopers beating people, clubbing them with rifle butts, firing rubber bullets at them from close range, making threats to kill, and hurling abuse. The Saville Report agreed that soldiers "used excessive force when arresting people […] as well as seriously assaulting them for no good reason while in their custody".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume03/chapter044/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume03/chapter044/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-11-03 |title=Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Volume III, Chapter 44: Conclusions on the treatment of those arrested in Sector 2 |website=Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref>

One group of paratroopers took up position at a low wall about {{convert|80|yd|m}} in front of a rubble barricade that stretched across Rossville Street. There were people at the barricade and some were throwing stones at the soldiers, but were not near enough to hit them.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume05/chapter070 Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Volume V, Chapter 70], paragraph 20</ref> The soldiers fired on the people at the barricade, killing six and wounding a seventh.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 24</ref>

A large group fled or were chased into the car park of Rossville Flats. This area was like a courtyard, surrounded on three sides by high-rise flats. The soldiers opened fire, killing one civilian and wounding six others.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 22</ref> This fatality, Jackie Duddy, was running alongside a priest, [[Edward Daly (bishop)|Edward Daly]], when he was shot in the back.<ref name="CAINBS">{{cite web |title='Bloody Sunday', Derry 30&nbsp;January 1972 |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/circum.htm |publisher=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN) |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806100228/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/circum.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another group fled into the car park of Glenfada Park, which was also surrounded by flats. Here, the soldiers shot at people across the car park, about {{convert|40|-|50|yard|m|round=5}} away. Two civilians were killed and at least four others wounded.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 26</ref> The Saville Report says it is probable that at least one soldier fired randomly at the crowd from the hip.<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume06/chapter102/ Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Volume VI, Chapter 102], paragraph 18</ref> The paratroopers went through the car park and out the other side. Some soldiers went out the southwest corner, where they shot dead two civilians. The other soldiers went out the southeast corner and shot four more civilians, killing two.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. pp. 28–30</ref>

About ten minutes had elapsed between the time soldiers drove into the Bogside and the time the last of the civilians was shot.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123132833/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279167/0030.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. p. 31</ref> More than 100 rounds were fired by the soldiers.<ref name="12-years">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/7831441/Bloody-Sunday-the-shooting-lasted-an-hour-the-inquiry-took-12-years.html |title=Bloody Sunday: the shooting lasted an hour, the inquiry took 12 years |last=Kirkup |first=James |work=Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=16 June 2010 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202130316/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/7831441/Bloody-Sunday-the-shooting-lasted-an-hour-the-inquiry-took-12-years.html |url-status=live}}</ref> No warnings were given before soldiers opened fire.<ref name="gov.uk"/>

Some of those shot were given [[first aid]] by civilian volunteers, either on the scene or after being carried into nearby homes. They were then driven to hospital, either in civilian cars or in ambulances. The first ambulances arrived at 4:28{{nbsp}}p.m. The three boys killed at the rubble barricade were driven to hospital by paratroopers. Witnesses said paratroopers lifted the bodies by the hands and feet and dumped them in the back of their [[armoured personnel carrier]] as if they were "pieces of meat". The Saville Report agreed that this is an "accurate description of what happened", saying the paratroopers "might well have felt themselves at risk, but in our view this does not excuse them".<ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume07/chapter122/ Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Volume VII, Chapter 122], paragraphs 290–293</ref>

===Casualties===
[[File:20111210151725!Bloody Sunday memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Bloody Sunday memorial in the [[Bogside]]]]
In all, 26 people were shot by the paratroopers;<ref name="CAIN names"/><ref name="CAINBS" /> thirteen died on the day and another died of his injuries four months later. The dead were killed in four main areas: the rubble barricade across Rossville Street, the car park of Rossville Flats (on the north side of the flats), the forecourt of Rossville Flats (on the south side), and the car park of Glenfada Park.<ref name="CAINBS" />

All of the soldiers responsible insisted that they had shot at, and hit, gunmen or bomb-throwers. No soldier said he missed his target and hit someone else by mistake. The Saville Report concluded that all of those shot were unarmed and that none were posing a serious threat. It also concluded that none of the soldiers fired in response to attacks, or threatened attacks, by gunmen or bomb-throwers.<ref name="gov.uk"/>

The casualties are listed in the order in which they were killed.

*'''John''' "'''Jackie'''" '''Duddy''', age 17. Shot as he ran away from soldiers in the car park of Rossville Flats.<ref name="CAINBS" /> The bullet struck him in the shoulder and entered his chest. Three witnesses said they saw a soldier take deliberate aim at the youth as he ran.<ref name="CAINBS" /> He was the first fatality on Bloody Sunday.<ref name="CAINBS" /> Both Saville and Widgery concluded that Duddy was unarmed.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''Michael Kelly''', age 17. Shot in the stomach while standing at the rubble barricade on Rossville Street. Both Saville and Widgery concluded that Kelly was unarmed.<ref name="CAINBS" /> The Saville Inquiry concluded that 'Soldier F' shot Kelly.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''Hugh Gilmour''', age 17. Shot as he ran away from soldiers near the rubble barricade.<ref name="CAINBS" /> The bullet went through his left elbow and entered his chest.<ref>''Bloody Sunday in Derry: What Really Happened'' {{ISBN|978-0-863-22274-0}} pp. 123–124</ref> Widgery acknowledged that a photograph taken seconds after Gilmour was hit<ref>''Bloody Sunday in Derry: What Really Happened'' {{ISBN|978-0-863-22274-0}} p. 123</ref> corroborated witness reports that he was unarmed.<ref name="WIDGERY" /> The Saville Inquiry concluded that 'Private U' shot Gilmour.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''William Nash''', age 19. Shot in the chest at the rubble barricade.<ref name="CAINBS" /> Three people were shot while apparently going to his aid, including his father Alexander Nash.<ref name=savillechapter86>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://report.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/volume05/chapter086/ Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Volume V, Chapter 86], paragraphs 360–364</ref>
*'''John Young''', age 17. Shot in the face at the rubble barricade, apparently while crouching and going to the aid of William Nash.<ref name=savillechapter86/>
*'''Michael McDaid''', age 20. Shot in the face at the rubble barricade, apparently while crouching and going to the aid of William Nash.<ref name=savillechapter86/>
*'''Kevin McElhinney''', age 17. Shot from behind, near the rubble barricade, while attempting to crawl to safety.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''James''' "'''Jim'''" '''Wray''', age 22. Shot in the back while running away from soldiers in Glenfada Park courtyard. He was then shot again in the back as he lay mortally wounded on the ground. Witnesses, who were not called to the Widgery Tribunal, stated that Wray was calling out that he could not move his legs before he was shot the second time. The Saville Inquiry concluded that he was shot by 'Soldier F'.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''William McKinney''', age 26. Shot in the back as he attempted to flee through Glenfada Park courtyard.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279147/0029_vi.pdf Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry – Volume VI: Events in Glenfada Park North and Abbey Park] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109163915/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279147/0029_vi.pdf |date=9 January 2015 }}. [[The Stationery Office]]. pp.14, 147</ref> The Saville Inquiry concluded that he was shot by 'Soldier F'.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''Gerard''' "'''Gerry'''" '''McKinney''', age 35. Shot in the chest at Abbey Park. A soldier, identified as 'Private G', ran through an alleyway from Glenfada Park and shot him from a few yards away. Witnesses said that when he saw the soldier, McKinney stopped and held up his arms, shouting, "Don't shoot! Don't shoot!", before being shot. The bullet apparently went through his body and struck Gerard Donaghy behind him.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*[[Gerard V. Donaghy|'''Gerard''' "'''Gerry'''" '''Donaghy''']], age 17. Shot in the stomach at Abbey Park while standing behind Gerard McKinney. Both were apparently struck by the same bullet. Bystanders brought Donaghy to a nearby house. A doctor examined him, and his pockets were searched for identification. Two bystanders then attempted to drive Donaghy to hospital, but the car was stopped at a British Army checkpoint. They were ordered to leave the car and a soldier drove it to a Regimental Aid Post, where an Army medical officer pronounced Donaghy dead. Shortly after, soldiers found four nail bombs in his pockets. The civilians who searched him, the soldier who drove him to the Army post, and the Army medical officer all said that they did not see any bombs. This led to claims that soldiers planted the bombs on Donaghy to justify the killings.{{refn|group=n|Donaghy was a member of [[Fianna Éireann]], an IRA-linked republican youth movement.<ref name="CAINBS" /> Paddy Ward, a police informer,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.derryjournal.com/news/death-of-informer-1-2143992 |title=Death of 'informer' |website=Derryjournal.com |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092559/https://www.derryjournal.com/news/death-of-informer-1-2143992 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> testified at the Saville Inquiry that he gave two nail bombs to Donaghy several hours before he was shot.<ref name="INNES">{{cite news |title=McGuinness is named as bomb runner |author=John Innes |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=628&id=1161662003 |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |date=21 October 2003 |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=17 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517040723/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=628&id=1161662003 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Inquiry concluded that the bombs were probably in Donaghy's pockets when he was shot; but that he was not about to throw a bomb when he was shot, and was not shot because he had bombs. "He was shot while trying to escape from the soldiers".<ref name="CAINBS" />}}
[[File:Patrick Doherty Belt.jpg|thumb|Belt worn by Patrick Doherty. The notch was made by the bullet that killed him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/Superb-new-look-for-Museum.4816245.jp?articlepage=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120605013415/http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/Superb-new-look-for-Museum.4816245.jp?articlepage=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2012 |title=Superb new look for Museum of Free Derrya |publisher=Derryjournal.com |access-date=17 June 2010}}</ref>]]
*'''Patrick Doherty''', age 31. Shot from behind while attempting to crawl to safety in the forecourt of Rossville Flats. The Saville Inquiry concluded that he was shot by 'Soldier F', who came out of Glenfada Park.<ref name="CAINBS" /> Doherty was photographed, moments before and after he died, by French journalist [[Gilles Peress]]. Despite testimony from 'Soldier F' that he had shot a man holding a pistol, Widgery acknowledged that the photographs show Doherty was unarmed, and that forensic tests on his hands for gunshot residue proved negative.<ref name="CAINBS" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Inquiry urged to identify soldiers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2004398.stm |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2002 |access-date=16 May 2007 |archive-date=18 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021218045607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2004398.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Bernard''' "'''Barney'''" '''McGuigan''', age 41. Shot in the back of the head when he walked out from cover to help Patrick Doherty. He had been waving a white handkerchief to indicate his peaceful intentions.<ref name="WIDGERY">{{cite web |title=Widgery Report |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm |publisher=[[Conflict Archive on the Internet]] (CAIN) |access-date=18 May 2007 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923121509/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CAINBS" /> The Saville Inquiry concluded that he was shot by 'Soldier F'.<ref name="CAINBS" />
*'''John Johnston''', age 59. Shot in the leg and left shoulder on William Street fifteen minutes before the rest of the shooting started.<ref name="CAINBS" /><ref name="taylor">''Brits'', p. 96.</ref> Johnston was not on the march, but on his way to visit a friend in Glenfada Park.<ref name="taylor" /> He died on 16 June 1972; his death has been attributed to the injuries he received on the day. He was the only fatality not to die immediately or soon after being shot.<ref name="CAINBS" />
{{Clear}}

{{anchor|The perspectives and analyses on the day}}