Editing Binomial nomenclature (section)

==Value==
[[File:E coli at 10000x, original.jpg|thumb|The bacterium ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', commonly shortened to ''E. coli'']]
The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names that the Codes of [[Zoological nomenclature|Zoological]] and [[Botanical nomenclature|Botanical]], [[Bacterial nomenclature|Bacterial]] and [[Virus nomenclature|Viral]] Nomenclature provide:
* Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember.<ref name=Knapp/> It corresponds to the noun-adjective form many [[common name|vernacular names]] take to indicate a species within a group (for example, 'brown bear' to refer to a particular type of bear),<ref name="Stearn"/> as well as the widespread system of [[family name]] plus [[given name]](s) used to name people in many cultures.<ref name=JohnsonSmithStockdalev/>
* Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide.<ref name="van dyke">{{cite book |last=Van Dyke |first=Fred |date=2008 |chapter=Contemporary Issues of the Species Concept |title=Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications |page=86 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-6890-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Evh1UD3ZYWcC&pg=PA86 |access-date=20 June 2011}}</ref> A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', ''[[E. coli]]'', ''[[Boa constrictor]]'', ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'', and ''[[Aloe vera]]''.
* Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate [[nomenclature code]], generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.<ref name="russel">{{Cite book |first1=Peter J. |last1=Russell |first2=Stephen L. |last2=Wolfe |first3=Paul E. |last3=Hertz |first4=Cecie |last4=Starr |title=The Linnaean System of Taxonomy |volume=2 |publisher=Cengage Learning |chapter=Species Concepts and Speciation |date=2007 |page=493 |isbn=978-0-495-01033-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F9UlGYGr0sC&pg=PA493}}</ref> This means the species a binomial name refers to can be clearly identified, as compared to the common names of species which are usually different in every language.<ref name="Stearn" /> However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can sometimes be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are "[[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]]".<ref name="csv">{{Cite journal |date=2007 |title=General Principles of Taxonomy |journal=Competition Science Vision |volume=10 |issue=114 |pages=764–767 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-cDAAAAMBAJ |access-date=20 June 2011 |last1=Darpan |first1=Pratiyogita}}</ref> Furthermore, within zoology or botany, each species name applies to only one species. If a name is used more than once, it is called a [[Homonym (biology)|homonym]].
[[File:Petirrojo (Erithacus rubecula superbus ) (6178023045).jpg|thumb|''[[European robin|Erithacus rubecula superbus]]'', the Tenerife robin or petirrojo]]
* Stability. Although stability is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the [[Priority (biology)|principle of priority]], tend to favor stability.<ref name="stevenson">{{Cite book |first=Joan C. |last=Stevenson |title=Dictionary of concepts in physical anthropology |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=1991 |page=53 |isbn=978-0-313-24756-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvuHGhrr2ocC&pg=PA53}}</ref> For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), the second part of the binomial is kept the same (unless it becomes a homonym). Thus, there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera ''[[Chionodoxa]]'' and ''[[Scilla]]'' are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate. Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name ''[[Chionodoxa siehei]]''; those who do not give it the name ''Scilla siehei''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dashwood |first1=Melanie |last2=Mathew |first2=Brian |date=2005 |title=Hyacinthaceae&nbsp;– little blue bulbs (RHS Plant Trials and Awards, Bulletin Number 11) |work=RHS.org.uk |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/getattachment/04d1dd16-01be-4c31-9510-8a081dfa23b0/Hyacinthaceae---Little-Blue-Bulbs-Bulletin.aspx |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806123722/http://www.rhs.org.uk/getattachment/04d1dd16-01be-4c31-9510-8a081dfa23b0/Hyacinthaceae---Little-Blue-Bulbs-Bulletin.aspx |archive-date=6 August 2011}}</ref> The ''siehei'' element is constant. Similarly, if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, the second part of the binomial name is retained as a trinomen (the third part of the new name). Thus, the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin, in which case its name is ''Erithacus superbus'', or as only a subspecies, in which case its name is ''Erithacus rubecula superbus''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergmann |first1=H. H. |last2=Schottler |first2=B. |date=2001 |title=Tenerife robin ''Erithacus (rubecula) superbus''&nbsp;– a species of its own? |url=https://issuu.com/dutchbirding/docs/db_23_3_2001/26 |via=Issuu |journal=[[Dutch Birding]] |volume=23 |pages=140–146 |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507175340/https://issuu.com/dutchbirding/docs/db_23_3_2001/26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''superbus'' element of the name is constant, as are its authorship and year of publication.