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==Examples== <!--NOTES: If you wish to add new entries, please insert them into this list in CHRONOLOGICAL order, thanks! Please provide references that the work is classified as a bildungsroman. Unreferenced text may be deleted at any time. --> {{See also|List of coming-of-age stories#In literature}} {{Div col|colwidth=}} ===Precursors=== * {{Lang|ar-latn|[[Hayy ibn Yaqdhan]]}} by [[Ibn Tufail]] (12th century)<ref>{{Cite book |title=Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey |editor1=Palmer, Joy |editor2=Liora Bresler |editor3=David Edward Cooper |publisher=[[Routledge]] Key Guides |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-23126-4 |page=34 |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftymajorthinke0000unse_g7g7/page/34/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''[[Parzival]]'' by [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]] (13th century). * ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'' (14th century). ===16th century=== * {{Lang|es|[[Lazarillo de Tormes]]}} (first edition 1554)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/burdeos/es/materialesclase/lazarillotormes.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/burdeos/es/materialesclase/lazarillotormes.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=dead |title=El lazarillo de Tormes |year=2004 |publisher=Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain)|page=1 |language=es |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> ===17th century=== * {{Lang|es|[[El Criticón]]}} by [[Baltasar Gracián]] (first edition 1651). Usually considered the pioneering work in its modern form. ===18th century=== * ''[[Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure]]'' (''Fanny Hill'') by [[John Cleland]] (1748)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Aaron|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742609|title=Fanny Hill and the Legibility of Consent|journal=ELH|year=2019|volume=86|issue=4|pages=941–966|doi=10.1353/elh.2019.0035|s2cid=213479222|access-date=11 December 2020|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123150731/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/742609|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=McCracken|first=David|title=A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland's Fanny Hill |journal=ANQ |year= 2016 |volume=29|issue=3|pages=138–141 |doi=10.1080/0895769X.2016.1216388|s2cid=164429385}}</ref> * ''[[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling]]'' by [[Henry Fielding]] (1749)<ref name="McWilliams2009p14"/> * ''[[Candide]]'' by [[Voltaire]] (1759)<ref>{{cite book |last=Feder |first=Helena |title=Ecocriticism and the Idea of Culture: Biology and the Bildungsroman |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315578644|page=30 |quote=Candide exhibits several of the traits of the "traditional" or Germanic Bildungsroman, particularly the depiction of the development of an individual through travel. As a catalogue of the horrors of the modern world, Candide — perhaps more than any of the other texts examined in this book—lives up to Moretti's articulation of the Bildungsroman as the "'symbolic form' of modernity" (5). Read from an ecocultural perspective, this philosophical Bildungsroman suggests the limitations of Dialectic 's conceptions of the Enlightenment and the subject with a model, albeit a modest one, for interaction with the world outside of rationalism's logic of domination.}}</ref> * ''[[The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman]]'' by [[Laurence Sterne]] (1759)<ref name="McWilliams2009p14">{{cite book |last=McWilliams |first=Ellen |title=Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2GuhQCODeMC&pg=PA14 |year=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6027-9 |page=14 |quote=The two early English ''Bildungsromane'' already mentioned, ''Tom Jones'' and ''The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy'', are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.}}</ref> * {{Lang|de|Geschichte des Agathon}} by [[Christoph Martin Wieland]] (1767)—often considered the first "true" bildungsroman<ref name="Swales, Martin 1978"/> * ''[[Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship]]'' by [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]] (1795–96)<ref name="Robison">{{Cite web |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4087-wrong-move-utter-detachment-utter-truth |title=Wrong Move: Utter Detachment, Utter Truth |last=Robison, James |author-link=James Robison (author) |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |work=[[The Criterion Collection]] |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624150753/https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4087-wrong-move-utter-detachment-utter-truth |url-status=live }}</ref> ===19th century=== * ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|The Betrothed]]'' by [[Alessandro Manzoni]] (1827)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dagradi |first=Sergio |title=Il Bildungsroman di Renzo: Una Nota Sui "Promessi Sposi" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23937196 |journal=Italianistica: Rivista di letteratura italiana |year=1999 |volume=28 |issue=3: September/December 1999 |pages=421–425 |jstor=23937196 |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194509/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23937196 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[The Red and the Black]]'' by [[Stendhal]] (1830){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017}} * ''[[Sartor Resartus]]'' by [[Thomas Carlyle]] (1833–34)<ref name="Golban"/> * ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' by [[Charlotte Brontë]] (1847)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/bildungs.html |title=Jane Eyre: A Bildungsroman |first=Cortney |last=Lollar |year=1996 |publisher=The Victorian Web |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=10 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233653/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/bildungs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' by [[Emily Brontë]] (1847)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLyzDwAAQBAJ&q=Wuthering+Heights+bildungsroman&pg=PA262| title = Victorian Fiction as a Bildungsroman: Its Flourishing and Complexity| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date= 2019|isbn= 9781527540798}}</ref> * {{Lang|ru-latn|[[Netochka Nezvanova]]}} (unfinished) by [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1849)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Frank|first1=Joseph|title=Dostoevsky His Life and Work|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254|url-access=limited|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=New Jersey|page=[https://archive.org/details/dostoevskywriter00fran_254/page/n138 114]|isbn=9780691128191}}</ref> * ''[[David Copperfield]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]] (1850){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * ''[[Green Henry]]'' by [[Gottfried Keller]] (1855)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/bildungsroman-nineteenth-century-literature |title=The Bildungsroman in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510154338/http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/bildungsroman-nineteenth-century-literature |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[The Morgesons]]'' by [[Elizabeth Stoddard]] (1862) * ''[[Great Expectations]]'' by [[Charles Dickens]] (1861)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Taft|first=Matthew|title=The work of love: ''Great Expectations'' and the English Bildungsroman |journal=Textual Practice |year= 2020 |volume=34|issue=12|pages=1969–1988 |doi=10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834700|s2cid=227034524}}</ref>{{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * ''[[Little Women]]'' by [[Louisa May Alcott]] (1869)<ref>{{cite journal|last=Trumpener|first=Katie|title=Actors, puppets, ''Girls'': Little Women and the collective Bildungsroman |journal=Textual Practice |year= 2020 |volume=34|issue=12|pages=1911–1931 |doi=10.1080/0950236X.2020.1834709|s2cid=227033016}}</ref> * ''[[Sentimental Education]]'' by [[Gustave Flaubert]] (1869){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * ''[[The Adolescent]]'' by [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]] (1875)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Knapp |first=Liza |title=Dostoevsky and the Novel of Adultery: The Adolescent |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235190399.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185159/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235190399.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-09 |url-status=live |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Core}}</ref> * ''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' by [[Mark Twain]] (1884) * ''[[What Maisie Knew]]'' by [[Henry James]] (1897)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Formalism and the Novel: Henry James |editor=Martin Coyle |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism |location=New York |publisher=Routledge Florence |year=1990 |page=593 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> ===20th century=== * ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'' by [[Rudyard Kipling]] (1901)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Esty, Jed |title=Unseasonable Youth: Modernism, Colonialism, and the Fiction of Development |journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2012 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195305746.013.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-985797-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeFoAgAAQBAJ |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513065721/https://books.google.com/books?id=yeFoAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[Beneath the Wheel]]'' by [[Hermann Hesse]], 1906 * ''[[Martin Eden]]'' by [[Jack London]] (1909)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/martin-eden-salem/martin-eden-11000305 |title=Martin Eden Summary – Jack London – Masterplots II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003185134/http://www.enotes.com/martin-eden-salem/martin-eden-11000305 |url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[The Book of Khalid]]'' by [[Ameen Rihani]] (1911)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nash, Geoffrey |title=Ameen Rihani's ''The Book of Khalid'' and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle |journal=New Comparison Journal |issue=17 |publisher= The British Comparative Literature Association, University of Essex |location=Colchester, UK |year=1994}}</ref> * ''[[Sons and Lovers]]'' by [[D. H. Lawrence]] (1913)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enotes.com/sons-lovers/lawrences-novel-bildungsroman |title=Sons and Lovers Lawrence's novel as a Bildungsroman |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727000916/http://www.enotes.com/sons-lovers/lawrences-novel-bildungsroman |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'' by [[James Joyce]] (1916)<ref name="Werlock2010p387"/>{{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * ''[[Demian]]'' by [[Hermann Hesse]] (1919)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095709588| title = Demian - Oxford Reference| access-date = 28 October 2021| archive-date = 28 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028184949/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095709588| url-status = live}}</ref> * ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'' by [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] (1920)<ref>{{cite book |author=Hendriksen, Jack |title=This side of paradise as a Bildungsroman |year=1993 |publisher=P. Lang |isbn=0-8204-1852-8}}</ref> * ''[[The Magic Mountain]]'' by [[Thomas Mann]] (1924){{sfn|Stević|Prendergast|2017|p=433}} * {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Pather Panchali (novel)|Pather Panchali]]}} by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] (1929)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mukherjee |given1=Meenakshi |year=1985 |title=Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-561648-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/trent_0116401039932/page/128 128] |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116401039932/page/128}}</ref> * ''[[Their Eyes Were Watching God]]'' by [[Zora Neale Hurston]] (1937)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tredell |first=Nicolas |date=1 July 2017 |title=Minglings: Form, Style, and Theme in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=127171076&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site |format=PDF |journal=Critical Approaches to Literature |pages=92–106 |quote=In her introduction to the 1986 Virago edition, Holly Eley calls it “primarily a love story” and also “an account of a strong, intelligent (though uneducated) woman’s steps towards self-fulfilment” (Hurston vii). In generic terms, this latter definition would make Hurston’s novel a Bildungsroman, a story of (self-)education by life. |via=The Wikipedia Library}}</ref> * ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' by [[J. D. Salinger]] (1951)<ref name="thetop2">{{cite web |url=http://www.thetop13.com/coming-of-age-novels-L45/ |title=The Top 13 Coming-of-Age Novels |publisher=The Top 13 |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225085020/http://thetop13.com/coming-of-age-novels-L45/ |archive-date=25 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[Invisible Man]]'' by [[Ralph Ellison]], (1952) * ''[[Children of Violence]]'' by [[Doris Lessing]] (1952–1969)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/bio-bibl.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 – Bio-bibliography|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=24 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224234101/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/bio-bibl.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[In the Castle of My Skin]]'' by [[George Lamming]] (1953)<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Lamming#ref669217 "George Lamming, West Indian author"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602160730/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Lamming#ref669217 |date=2 June 2022 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> * ''[[A Separate Peace]]'' by [[John Knowles]] (1959) * ''[[Goodbye, Columbus]]'' by [[Philip Roth]] (1959)<ref>{{cite book |last=Kercheval |first=Jesse Lee |title=Building Fiction |publisher=The Story Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/buildingfictionh0000kerc/page/101 101] |chapter=Continuing Conflict |year=1997 |isbn=1-884910-28-9 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/buildingfictionh0000kerc/page/101}}</ref> * ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' by [[Harper Lee]] (1960)<ref name="thetop2" /> * ''[[Wake in Fright (novel)|Wake in Fright]]'' by [[Kenneth Cook]] (1961)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peters-Little |first1=Frances |last2=Curthoys |first2=Ann |last3=Docker |first3=John |title=Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia |publisher=ANU E Press |page=62 |chapter=Epistemological vertigo and allegory |date=September 2010 |isbn=9781921666650 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&pg=PA62 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426102151/https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&pg=PA62 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[The Emperor of Ice-Cream (novel)|The Emperor of Ice-Cream]]'' by [[Brian Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]] (1965)<ref name = Hicks>{{cite journal |author=Hicks, Patrick |author-link=Patrick Hicks | title=History and Masculinity in Brian Moore's 'The Emperor of Ice-Cream'|journal=The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies|volume= 25|number= 1/2 |date= July–December 1999|pages=400–413| doi=10.2307/25515283| jstor=25515283}}</ref> * ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' by [[Frank Herbert]] (1965)<ref>{{cite journal|last=McGregor|first=Gaile|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/t_echmyth.html|title=The Technomyth in Transition: Reading American Popular Culture|journal=Journal of American Studies|year=1987|volume=21|issue=3|pages=387–409|doi=10.1017/S0021875800022891|s2cid=145732487|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-date=17 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417180715/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~DRBR/t_echmyth.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[The Outsiders (novel)|The Outsiders]]'' by [[S. E. Hinton]] (1967)<ref name="Kinchen2006">{{cite web|author=Melanie Kinchen|url=http://www.lsu.edu/faculty/jpullia/3223bildungsroman.htm|title=Bildungsroman Novels for Young Adults|date=13 July 2006|display-authors=etal|access-date=12 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428031138/http://www.lsu.edu/faculty/jpullia/3223bildungsroman.htm|archive-date=28 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[A Wizard of Earthsea]]'' by [[Ursula K. Le Guin]] (1968)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/spring96/griffin.html |title=Ursula LeGuin's Magical World of Earthsea |journal=The ALAN Review |volume=23 |issue=3 |access-date=10 June 2013 |last1=Griffin |first1=Jan M. |archive-date=16 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416041245/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/spring96/griffin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Bright Lights, Big City (novel)|Bright Lights, Big City]]'' by [[Jay McInerney]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/mcinerney/introduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html |title=The Good Life |author=Jay McInerney |work=transcript of podcast |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208035442/http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/mcinerney/introduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- why is this ref pertinent to McInerney's earlier book? --> * ''[[How to Kill a Bull]]'' by [[Anna-Leena Härkönen]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.is.fi/viihde/art-2000006555690.html|title=Anna-Leena Härkönen oli teini kirjoittaessaan Häräntappoaseen, mutta onnistui silti kohauttamaan – seksikohtaukset saivat jopa oman mummon häpeämään|trans-title=Anna-Leena Härkönen was a teenager when she wrote 'How to Kill a Bull', but she still managed to make people shock – the sex scenes even put her own grandmother to shame!|first=Eeva-Kaarina|last=Kolsi|work=[[Ilta-Sanomat]]|date=29 June 2020|access-date=29 February 2024|language=fi}}</ref> * ''[[Ender's Game]]'' by [[Orson Scott Card]] (1985)<ref name="Kinchen2006"/> * ''[[Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit]]'' by [[Jeanette Winterson]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |title=Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context |website=Sparknotes |date=27 August 1959 |access-date=21 April 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503021102/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |archive-date= 3 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> * ''[[Norwegian Wood (novel)|Norwegian Wood]]'' by [[Haruki Murakami]] (1987)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/ |title=Norwegian Wood: On Having a Girl, and Losing Her |first=Alyssa |last=Rosenberg |date=30 July 2010 |website=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613193539/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[English Music (novel)|English Music]]'' by [[Peter Ackroyd]] (1992)<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mRWtSWDXBn8C&q=%22english+music%22+ackroyd&pg=PA66 |title=My Words Echo Thus: Possessing the Past in Peter Ackroyd |first=Barry |last=Lewis |isbn=978-1570036682 |publisher=[[University of South Carolina Press]] |year=2007}}</ref> * ''[[Harry Potter]]'' by [[J. K. Rowling]] (1997–2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bildungsroman Novels: Definition and Examples | date=22 January 2021 |url=https://www.tckpublishing.com/bildungsroman-novels/#:~:text=Is%20Harry%20Potter%20a%20Bildungsroman%3F%20When%20viewed%20as,sad%2C%20lonely%20child%20to%20a%20full-fledged%2C%20heroic%20wizard.}}</ref> * ''[[The Perks of Being a Wallflower]]'' by [[Stephen Chbosky]] (1999)<ref>{{cite web |title=An Interview with Stephen Chbosky |url=http://www.wordriot.org/template.php?ID=552 |work=Word Riot |access-date=27 May 2012 |author=Marty Beckerman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113162049/http://wordriot.org/template.php?ID=552 |archive-date=13 January 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[Naruto]]'' by [[Masashi Kishimoto]] (1999)<ref>{{cite web|title=Naruto is the quintessential Bildungsroman|url=https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1011992|date=2 February 2018|publisher=[[The Lawrentian]]|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608014125/https://www.lawrentian.com/archives/1011992|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' by [[Marjane Satrapi]] (2000)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tip.sas.upenn.edu/curriculum/units/2011/04/11.04.02.pdf |work=John Bartram High School |title=Reading Persepolis: Defining and Redefining Culture, Gender and Genre |author=Tara Ann Carter |date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128034643/http://www.tip.sas.upenn.edu/curriculum/units/2011/04/11.04.02.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> ===21st century===<!--NOTES: If you wish to add new entries, please insert them into this list in CHRONOLOGICAL order, thanks! Please provide references that the work is classified as a bildungsroman. Unreferenced text may be deleted at any time. --> * ''[[The Secret Life of Bees (novel)|The Secret Life of Bees]]'' by [[Sue Monk Kidd]] (2002)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html |title=Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503023152/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html| archive-date= 3 May 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> * ''[[The Kite Runner]]'' by [[Khaled Hosseini]] (2003)<ref>{{cite web |author=Khaled Hosseini |url=http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/35890028 |title=Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA)'s review of The Kite Runner |publisher=Goodreads.com |date=4 March 1965 |access-date=21 April 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106102123/http://www.goodreads.com/review/show/35890028 |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[The Fortress of Solitude (novel)|The Fortress of Solitude]]'' by [[Jonathan Lethem]] (2003)<ref name="Kurth 2003">{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8/|title=The dreamer of Brooklyn|date=12 September 2003|work=Salon|access-date=19 March 2018|language=en-US|first=Peter|last=Kurth|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105503/https://www.salon.com/2003/09/12/lethem_8/|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[Never Let Me Go (novel)|Never Let Me Go]]'' by [[Kazuo Ishiguro]] (2005)<ref name="thetop2"/> * ''[[Benjamin Kunkel#Indecision|Indecision]]'' by [[Benjamin Kunkel]] (2005)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/28MCINER.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Jay |last=Mcinerney |title=Indecision: Getting It Together |date=28 August 2005 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183308/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/28MCINER.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Black Swan Green]]'' by [[David Mitchell (author)|David Mitchell]] (2006)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16freudenberger.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Wonder Year (Black Swan Green by David Mitchell) |date=16 April 2006 |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202211159/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16freudenberger.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Goodnight Punpun]]'' by [[Inio Asano]] (2007–2013)<ref>{{cite journal | last=Díaz | first=Carmen Sofía | title=Precarious Youth in Contemporary Graphic Narratives: Young Lives in Crisis | journal=CuCo, Cuadernos de cómic | volume=21 | date=December 2023 | publisher=CuCoEstudio | doi=10.37536/cuco.2023.21.2326 | doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} * ''[[Indignation (novel)|Indignation]]'' by [[Philip Roth]] (2008){{efn|group=lower-alpha|Back of the French translation in the "Folio" collection (éditions Gallimard, 2010): ''"[...] Avec ce roman d'apprentissage, Philip Roth poursuit son analyse de l'histoire de l'Amérique – celle des années cinquante, des tabous et des frustrations sexuelles – et de son impact sur la vie d'un homme jeune, isolé, vulnérable"''.}} * ''[[Sputnik Caledonia]]'' by [[Andrew Crumey]] (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47320/8/Goldie_CCBF_2015_Modern_Scottish_Fiction_Telling_Stories.pdf |title=David Goldie, "Modern Scottish Fiction: Telling Stories in Order to Live". See also ''The Cambridge Companion to British Fiction Since 1945'' |page=55 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327164356/https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/47320/8/Goldie_CCBF_2015_Modern_Scottish_Fiction_Telling_Stories.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * ''[[Neapolitan Novels]]'' by [[Elena Ferrante]] (2011–2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europaeditions.com/book/9781609455057/the-neapolitan-novels-boxed-set |title=The Neapolitan Novels Boxed Set - Elena Ferrante |access-date=15 January 2024 }}</ref> *''[[Zuleikha (novel) | Zuleikha]]'' by [[Guzel Yakhina]] (2015)<ref>{{cite web | last = SÜTCÜ | first = GÜNEŞ| year= 2020|url=https://jshsr.org/index.php/pub/article/view/1274/1225 |title=EXAMPLE OF EDUCATIONAL ROMAN:"ZULEIKHA OPENS HER EYES" FROM GUZEL YAKHINA |access-date=22 December 2024 }}</ref> * ''[[Washington Black]]'' by [[Esi Edugyan]] (2018)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/book-review-washington-black-is-a-slave-story-told-with-a-fresh-sense-of-urgency-1.761087|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|first=Lucy|last=Sholes|title=Washington Black is a slave story told with a fresh sense of urgency|date=18 August 2018|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211142/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/book-review-washington-black-is-a-slave-story-told-with-a-fresh-sense-of-urgency-1.761087|url-status=live}}</ref> * ''[[Boy Swallows Universe]]'' by [[Trent Dalton]] (2018)<ref name=SMH>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/netflix-s-adaptation-of-this-bestseller-is-incredible-20240102-p5eurg.html|access-date=11 January 2024|title=Boy Swallows Universe review: Netflix's adaptation is incredible|date=9 January 2024|url-access=subscription|author=Kylie Northover}}</ref> {{div col end}}
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