Editing Beadwork (section)

== Europe ==
[[File:1903 ball - Princess Olga K. Orlova (nee princess Beloselsky-Belozwersky).jpg|thumb|upright=.75|Russian Countess Olga Orlova-Davydova wearing a heavily beaded [[kokoshnik]], 1903]]Beadwork in Europe, much like in Egypt and the Americas, can be traced to the use of bone and shell as adornments amongst [[early modern human]]s.<ref name=":1" /> As glassmaking increased in popularity through the [[Middle Ages]], glass beads began to appear extensively in bead embroidery, beaded necklaces, and similar wares.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Keller|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9MVBAAAQBAJ|title=Neighbours and Successors of Rome: Traditions of Glass Production and use in Europe and the Middle East in the Later 1st Millennium AD|last2=Price|first2=Jennifer|last3=Jackson|first3=Caroline|publisher=Oxbow Books|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78297-398-0|pages=1–41}}</ref>

In [[Northern Russia]], the [[Kokoshnik]] headdress typically includes river pearl netting around the forehead in addition to traditional bead embroidery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headdress of Natalia de Shabelsky |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/156458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302172416/http://www.metmuseum.org:80/art/collection/search/156458 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |website=Met Museum}}</ref>

By 1291, artists in [[Murano|Murano, Italy]] had begun production of intricate glass [[Murano beads]] inspired by [[Venetian glass]]ware. With the advent of [[Lampworking|lampwork glass]], Europeans started producing [[seed bead]]s for embroidery, crochet, and other, mostly off-loom techniques.<ref name=":3" /> Czech seed beads are among the most popular contemporary bead styles.

One technique of European beadwork is beaded "immortal" flowers. The technique's origins, though indistinct, are generally agreed to range at least several centuries back, as far back as at least the 16th if not 14th century.<ref name="kurtz">{{Cite web |last=Kurtz |first=Rosemary |date=2008-02-16 |title=French Bead Flower Making - A Vintage Craft Is New Again |url=http://www.rosemarykurtz.com/intriguing-articles/make-beaded-flowers-a-vintage-craft-is-new-again}}</ref><ref name="harpster">{{Cite web |last=Harpster |first=Lauren |date=2018-08-31 |title=What is French Beading? |url=https://beadandblossom.com/about/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Bead & Blossom |language=en-US}}</ref> Two mayor styles were developed: French beading, in which the wire only goes through each bead once and the wires are arranged vertically, and Victorian (also called English or Russian) beading, in which the wires go through each bead twice and are arranged horizontally.<ref name="kurtz" /> In the late 19th and early 20th century, the beaded flowers were used to create long lasting [[Funerary art|funeral wreaths]], called {{lang|fr|immortelles}} (French for "immortals").<ref name="harpster" /> In the mid-20th century, the art was introduced to United States with sales of flower beading kits. In 1960s to 1970s, books by emerging beaded flower designers emerged.<ref name="kurtz" /><ref name="harpster" /> In the 1990s and 2000s, there was another revival of interest in the craft, exemplified for example by the funeral wreaths made to commemorate victims of the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="kurtz" />

Ukrainian masters develop exclusively national motifs in their bead collections. Beaded artworks include clothing ensembles, clothing accessories, priestly clothing decorations, and household items. At the beginning of the 20th century embroidery workshops were created on the territory of Galicia and Bukovyna, where, along with weaving and embroidery, jewelry from beads was made. Contemporary beadwork includes: beaded clothing, collars, bracelets, necklaces, clothing accessories like handbags and purses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nykonenko |first1=Dmytro |last2=Yatsuk |first2=Oleh |last3=Guidorzi |first3=Laura |last4=Lo Giudice |first4=Alessandro |last5=Tansella |first5=Francesca |last6=Cesareo |first6=Ludovica Pia |last7=Sorrentino |first7=Giusi |last8=Davit |first8=Patrizia |last9=Gulmini |first9=Monica |last10=Re |first10=Alessandro |date=2023-11-13 |title=Glass beads from a Scythian grave on the island of Khortytsia (Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine): insights into bead making through 3D imaging |journal=Heritage Science |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=238 |doi=10.1186/s40494-023-01078-0 |doi-access=free |issn=2050-7445}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The art of jewellery in Kievan Russia |first=Elena Vassilievna |last=Starchenko |journal=Museum |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=156–9 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |location=Paris |date=1982 |language=English |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000050736 |issn=0027-3996 |access-date=2024-03-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Ukrainian Beadwork - Sylianky - Workshop |url=https://givebutter.com/UCAObeadwork |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Ukrainian Cultural Association of Ohio Inc |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-25 |title=Ukrainian necklaces {{!}} Ukrainian recipes |url=https://ukrainian-recipes.com/deep-meaning-behind-ukrainian-beads.html |access-date=2024-03-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>