Editing Bayezid II (section)

==Reign==
Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8832/ |title = Sultan Bajazid's (i.e., Beyazit's) Mosque, Constantinople, Turkey |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1890–1900 |access-date = 2013-10-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122749/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8832/ |archive-date = 2013-10-19 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Like his father, Bayezid II was a patron of western and eastern culture. Unlike many other sultans, he worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of "the Just". Throughout his reign, Bayezid II engaged in numerous campaigns to conquer the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] possessions in [[Morea]], accurately defining this region as the key to future Ottoman naval power in the Eastern [[Mediterranean]]. In 1497, he went to war with Poland and decisively defeated the 80,000 strong Polish army during the [[Moldavian campaign (1497–1499)|Moldavian campaign]]. The [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)|last of these wars]] ended in 1501 with Bayezid II in control of the whole Peloponnese. Rebellions in the east, such as that of the [[Qizilbash]], plagued much of Bayezid II's reign and were often backed by the [[shah]] of Iran, [[Ismail I]], who was eager to promote [[Shi'ism]] to undermine the authority of the Ottoman state. Ottoman authority in [[Anatolia]] was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point Bayezid II's [[vizier]], [[Hadım Ali Pasha]], was killed in battle against the [[Şahkulu rebellion]]. Hadım Ali Pasha's death prompted a power vacuum. As a result, many important statesmen secretly pledged allegiance to Kinsman Karabœcu Pasha (Turkish: "Karaböcü Kuzen Paşa") who made his reputation in conducting espionage operations during the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in his youth.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ottoman Empire: The History of the Turkish Empire that Lasted Over 600 Years|last=Titans|first=History|publisher=[[Creek Ridge Publishing]]|year=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tA9EAAAQBAJ}}<!--|access-date=2023-01-30--></ref>

===Jewish and Muslim immigration===<!--[[Moses_Capsali]] links here-->
{{further|Nasrid–Ottoman relations}}
[[Image:Mengli bayezid.jpg|thumb|181x181px|Crimean khan [[Meñli I Giray]] (centre) with the eldest son, [[Mehmed I Giray]] (left) and Bayezid II (right)|left]]
In July 1492, the new state of [[Spain]] expelled its [[Jewish]] and [[Muslim]] populations as part of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Bayezid II sent out the [[Ottoman Navy]] under the command of admiral [[Kemal Reis]] to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. He sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|last=Egger|first=Vernon O.|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-13-226969-8|page=82}}<!--|access-date=2009-04-13--></ref> He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and become Ottoman citizens. He ridiculed the conduct of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]] in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects. "You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler," he said to his courtiers, "he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine!"<ref name="JE 460">''The Jewish Encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day,'' Vol. 2 Isidore Singer, Cyrus Adler, Funk and Wagnalls, 1912 p. 460</ref> Bayezid addressed a [[firman (decree)|firman]] to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees, but to give them a friendly and welcome reception.<ref name="JE 460"/> He threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. [[Moses Capsali]], who probably helped to arouse the sultan's friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, to ransom the Jewish victims of the persecution.
[[File:Bayezid-Selim.jpg|thumb|right|Bayezid II fighting his son [[Selim I]] at Uğraşdere|200px]]
The Muslims and Jews of [[al-Andalus]] contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first [[Gutenberg press|printing press]] in [[Ottoman Constantinople|Constantinople]] (now [[Istanbul]]) was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493. It is reported that under Bayezid's reign, Jews enjoyed a period of cultural flourishing, with the presence of such scholars as the [[Talmudist]] and scientist [[Mordecai Comtino]]; astronomer and poet [[Solomon ben Elijah Sharbit|Solomon ben Elijah Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab]]; [[Shabbat|Shabbethai]] ben Malkiel Cohen, and the liturgical poet Menahem Tamar.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}