Editing Battle of Towton (section)

== Deployment ==
[[File:Battle of Towton - Initial deployment.svg|thumb|300px|left|alt=The two forces face each other across a dale. A small patch of woods stand to their west. A river flows around the battlefield from the west to the north.|Initial deployments: the Yorkists (white) and Lancastrians (red) at Towton]]

Very few historical sources give detailed accounts of the battle and they do not describe the exact deployments of the armies. The paucity of such primary sources led early historians to adopt Hall's chronicle as their main resource for the engagement, despite its authorship 70&nbsp;years after the event and questions over the origin of his information. The [[Burgundian Netherlands|Burgundian]] chronicler [[Jean de Waurin]] (c. 1398 – c. 1474) was a more contemporary source, but his chronicle was made available to the public only from 1891, and several mistakes in it discouraged historians at that time from using it. Later reconstructions of the battle were based on Hall's version, supplemented by minor details from other sources.{{Sfn|English Heritage|1995|pp=2–5}}{{Sfn|Gravett|2003|pp=50–51}}

The battle took place on a [[plateau]] between the villages of [[Saxton, North Yorkshire|Saxton]] (to the south) and [[Towton]] (to the north). The region was agricultural land, with plenty of wide open areas and small roads on which to manoeuvre the armies.{{Sfn|English Heritage|1995|p=2}} Two roads ran through the area: the Old London Road, which connected Towton to the English capital, and a direct road between Saxton and Towton. The steeply banked [[Cock Beck]] flowed in an S-shaped course around the plateau from the north to west. The plateau was bisected by the Towton Dale, which ran from the west and extended into the North Acres in the east. Woodlands were scattered along the beck; Renshaw Woods lined the river on the north-western side of the plateau, and south of Towton Dale, Castle Hill Wood grew on the west side of the plateau at a bend in the beck. The area to the north-east of this forest would be known as Bloody Meadow after the battle.{{Sfn|Gravett|2003|pp=44–46}}

According to Gravett and fellow military enthusiast Trevor James Halsall, Somerset's decision to engage the Yorkist army on this plateau was sound. Defending the ground just before Towton would block any enemy advance towards the city of York, whether they moved along the London – Towton road or an old Roman road to the west. The Lancastrians deployed on the north side of the dale, using the valley as a "protective ditch";{{Sfn|Halsall|2000|p=41}}{{Sfn|Gravett|2003|p=46}} the disadvantage of this position was that they could not see beyond the southern ridge of the dale.{{Sfn|Halsall|2000|p=42}} The Lancastrian flanks were protected by marshes; their right was further secured by the steep banks of the Cock Beck. The width of their deployment area did not allow for a longer front line, depriving the Lancastrians of the opportunity to use their numerical superiority.{{Sfn|Halsall|2000|p=41}} Waurin's account gave rise to the suggestion that Somerset ordered a force of mounted spearmen to conceal itself in Castle Hill Wood, ready to charge into the Yorkist left flank at an opportune time in battle.{{Sfn|Gravett|2003|p=59}}

The Yorkists appeared as the Lancastrians finished deployment. Line after line of soldiers crested the southern ridge of the dale and formed up in ranks opposite their enemies as snow began to fall. Edward's army was outnumbered and Norfolk's troops had yet to arrive to join them.{{sfn|Gravett|2003|pp=49–50}} The Yorkist vanguard was commanded by Lord Fauconberg. Hall names [[John Wenlock, Baron Wenlock|John Wenlock]] and [[John Dynham, Baron Dynham|John Dinham]] and others as commanders of the Yorkist rearguard.{{sfn|Gravett|2003|pp=50–51}}{{sfn|English Heritage|1995|p=4}} Sources variously mention the [[Henry Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]], Trollope, the [[Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland|Earl of Northumberland]] and the Duke of Exeter as the commanders of the Lancastrian host, but show little agreement as to which portion of the host each of them was assigned.{{sfn|English Heritage|1995|pp=3, 4–5}}