Editing Battle of Salamis (section)

==Opposing forces==
===Greek fleet===
[[File:Trireme.jpg|thumb|Greek [[trireme]].]]
[[File:Greek Galleys.jpg|thumb|Fleet of triremes based on the full-sized replica ''[[Olympias (trireme)|Olympias]]'']]
Herodotus reports that there were 378 triremes in the Allied fleet, and then breaks the numbers down by city state (as indicated in the table).<ref>Herodotus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=8.42.1 VIII, 44–48]</ref> However, his numbers for the individual contingents only add up to 371. He does not explicitly say that all 378 fought at Salamis ("All of these came to the war providing triremes...The total number of ships...was three hundred and seventy-eight"),<ref name = VIII48/> and he also says that the Aeginetans "had other manned ships, but they guarded their own land with these and fought at Salamis with the thirty most seaworthy".<ref name = VIII46/> Thus it has been supposed that the difference between the numbers is accounted for by a [[garrison]] of 12 ships left at [[Aegina]].<ref>e.g., Macaulay, in a note accompanying his translation of Herodotus VIII, 85</ref> According to Herodotus, two more ships defected from the Persians to the Greeks, one before Artemisium and one before Salamis, so the total complement at Salamis would have been 373 (or 380).<ref>Herodotus  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231391;layout=;loc=8.81.1 VIII, 82]</ref>

According to the Athenian playwright [[Aeschylus]], who actually fought at Salamis, the Greek fleet numbered 310 triremes (the difference being the number of Athenian ships).<ref>Aeschylus, The Persians</ref> [[Ctesias]] claims that the Athenian fleet numbered only 110 triremes, which ties in with Aeschylus's numbers.<ref name = ctes/> According to [[Hypereides|Hyperides]], the Greek fleet numbered only 220.<ref name = Lee>Lee, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/27/arts/27greek.html A Layered Look Reveals Ancient Greek Texts]</ref> The fleet was effectively under the command of Themistocles, but nominally led by the Spartan nobleman [[Eurybiades]], as had been agreed at the congress in 481 BC.<ref name = h226-7>Holland, pp.226–227</ref> Although Themistocles had tried to claim leadership of the fleet, the other city states with navies objected, and so Sparta (which had no naval tradition) was given command of the fleet as a compromise.<ref name = h226-7/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|City!!Number <br /> of ships|!!City!!Number <br /> of ships|!!City!!Number <br /> of ships
|-
| [[Athens]]<ref name = VIII44>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231347;layout=;loc=8.43.1 VIII, 44]</ref> || 180 || [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]]<ref name = VIII1>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=8.1 VIII, 1]</ref><ref name = VIII43>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231346;layout=;loc=8.44.1 VIII, 43]</ref> || 40 || [[Aegina]]<ref name = VIII46>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231349;layout=;loc=8.45.1 VIII, 46]</ref> || 30
|-
| [[Chalcis]]<ref name = VIII46/><ref name = VIII1/> || 20 || [[Megara]]<ref name = VIII1/><ref name = VIII45>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231348;layout=;loc=8.44.1 VIII, 45]</ref> || 20 || [[Sparta]]<ref name = VIII43/> || 16
|-
| [[Sicyon]]<ref name = VIII43/> || 15 || [[Epidaurus]]<ref name = VIII43/> || 10 || [[Eretria]]<ref name = VIII46/> || 7
|-
| [[Ambracia]]<ref name = VIII45/> || 7 ||[[Troezen]]<ref name = VIII43/> || 5 || [[Naxos, Greece|Naxos]]<ref name = VIII46/> || 4
|-
| [[Leukas|Leucas]]<ref name = VIII45/> || 3 || [[Ermioni|Hermione]]<ref name = VIII43/> || 3 || [[Styra]]<ref name = VIII46/> || 2
|-
| [[Cythnus]]<ref name = VIII46/> || 1 (1) || [[Ceos]]<ref name = VIII46/> || 2 || [[Milos|Melos]]<ref name = VIII48>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231351;layout=;loc=8.47.1 VIII, 48]</ref><ref name = VIII46/> || (2)
|-
| [[Siphnus]]<ref name = VIII48/><ref name = VIII46/> || (1) || [[Serifos]]<ref name = VIII48/><ref name = VIII46/> || (1) || [[Crotone|Croton]]<ref name = VIII47>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231350;layout=;loc=8.46.1 VIII, 47]</ref> || 1
|-
| '''Total'''||'''371 ''' or '''378'''<ref name = VIII48/> ('''5''') || || || ||
|}
<sup> Plain numbers represent triremes; those indicated in parentheses are [[penteconter]]s (fifty-oared galleys)</sup>

===Achemenid fleet===
[[File:Kybernis north BM B287.jpg|thumb|The [[Lycia]]n dynast [[Kybernis]] (520-480 BCE) led 50 Lycian ships in the Achaemenid fleet.]]
[[File:Meeting of the Ionian fleet and the Persian army.jpg|thumb|The Ionian fleet, here seen joining with Persian forces at the [[Bosphorus]]  in preparation of the [[European Scythian campaign of Darius I]] in 513 BC, was part of the Achaemenid fleet at Salamis. 19th century illustration.]]
According to Herodotus, the Persian fleet initially numbered 1,207 triremes.<ref name = VII89>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=7.89.1 VII, 89]</ref> However, by his reckoning they lost approximately a third of these ships in a storm off the coast of [[Magnesia (regional unit)|Magnesia]],<ref>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=7.188 VII, 188]</ref> 200 more in a storm off the coast of Euboea,<ref name = VIII14>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231317;layout=;loc=8.13.1 VIII, 14]</ref> and at least 50 ships to Allied action at the Battle of Artemisium.<ref name = VIII14/><ref name = VIII11>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231314;layout=;loc=8.10.1 VIII, 11]</ref> Herodotus claims that these losses were replaced in full,<ref name = VIII66>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126;query=chapter%3D%231372;layout=;loc=8.65.1 VIII, 60]</ref> but only mentions 120 ships from the Greeks of Thrace and nearby islands as reinforcements.<ref name = VII185>Herodotus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126&layout=&loc=7.185.1 VII, 185]</ref> [[Aeschylus]], who fought at Salamis, also claims that he faced 1,207 warships there, of which 207 were "fast ships".<ref>Aeschylus, ''The Persians''</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]]<ref>Diodorus Siculus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084&layout=&loc=11.3 XI, 3]</ref> and [[Lysias]]<ref>Lysias II, 27</ref> independently claim there were 1,200 ships in the Persian fleet assembled at Doriskos in the spring of 480 BC. The number of 1,207 (for the outset only) is also given by [[Ephorus]],<ref>Ephorus, Universal History</ref> while his teacher [[Isocrates]] claims there were 1,300 at Doriskos and 1,200  at Salamis.<ref>Isocrates, Oration VII, 49</ref><ref>Isocrates, Oration IV, 93</ref>  Ctesias gives another number, 1,000 ships,<ref name = ctes>Ctesias, [https://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica2.html Persica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009092541/https://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica2.html |date=2020-10-09 }} (from Photius's Epitome)</ref> while [[Plato]], speaking in general terms refers to 1,000 ships and more.<ref>Plato, ''Laws'' III, 699</ref>

Herodotus gives a precise list of the ships of the various nations that composed the Achaemenid fleet:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Romm |first1=James |title=Histories |date=2014 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=9781624661150 |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JK7xAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Nation!!Number <br /> of ships|!!Nation!!Number <br /> of ships|!!Nation!!Number <br /> of ships
|-
| [[Phoenicia]] || 300 || [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|Egypt]] || 200 || [[Cyprus]] || 150
|-
| [[Cilicia]] || 100 || [[Ionia]] || 100 || [[Hellespontine Phrygia]] || 100
|-
| [[Caria]] || 70 || [[Aeolis|Aeolia]] || 60 || [[Lycia]] || 50
|-
| [[Pamphylia]] || 30 ||[[Dorians|Doria]] || 30 || [[Cyclades]] || 17
|-
| '''Total'''||'''1207 '''  || || || ||
|}

The number 1,207 appears very early in the historical record (472 BC), and the Greeks appear to have genuinely believed they faced that many ships. Because of the consistency in the ancient sources, some modern historians are inclined to accept 1,207 as the size of the initial Persian fleet;<ref>Köster (1934)</ref><ref>Holland, p.394</ref><ref name = L93>Lazenby, pp.93–94</ref> others reject this number, with 1,207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the [[Iliad]], and generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean.<ref name = L93/><ref>Green, p.61</ref><ref>Burn, p.331</ref> However, very few appear to accept that there were this many ships at Salamis: most favour a number in the range 600–800.<ref name="Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 1971">Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 1971</ref><ref name="Demetrius, 1998">Demetrius, 1998</ref><ref name="Lazenby p.174">Lazenby p.174</ref> This is also the range given by adding the approximate number of Persian ships after Artemisium (~550) to the reinforcements (120) quantified by Herodotus.<ref name = VII185/>