Editing Bari (section)

=== Middle Ages ===
With the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476, it was invaded by [[Barbarian|Barbarians]] and occupied by the [[Ostrogoths]]. It was taken from them by the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the [[Gothic wars]] and disputed for the following two centuries with the [[Lombards]] of the [[Duchy of Benevento]], who made it a steward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari tra oriente e occidente, dal medioevo ad oggi |url=https://www.basilicasannicola.it/page.php?id_art=266&id_cat=196&id_sottocat1=292&id_sottocat2=0&id_sottocat3=0&titolo=Bari%20tra%20oriente%20e%20occidente,%20dal%20medioevo%20ad%20oggi |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Basilica Pontificia San Nicola |language=it}}</ref>

Throughout this period, and indeed throughout the Middle Ages, Bari served as one of the major [[slavery|slave]] depots of the Mediterranean, providing a central location for the trade in [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin_italiamedievale |date=2008-02-09 |title=I secoli degli schiavi slavi |url=https://www.italiamedievale.org/i-secoli-degli-schiavi-slavi/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Italia Medievale |language=it-IT}}</ref> The slaves were mostly captured by [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] from [[Dalmatia]], by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from what is now [[Eastern germany|Eastern Germany]] and [[Poland]], and by the Byzantines from elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine Empire and (most frequently) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean: the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], the [[Emirate of Sicily]], and the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions of Sakalaba [[Mamluk]]s).<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Cartoon History of the Universe III – From the Rise of Arabia to the Renaissance (Volumes 14–19)| publisher = Doubleday| year = 2002| isbn = 0-393-32403-6}}</ref>

For 20 years, Bari was the centre of the [[Emirate of Bari]]; the city was captured by its first emirs [[Kalfun]] in 847, who had been part of the mercenary garrison installed there by [[Radelchis I of Benevento]].<ref name=Wickham62>{{cite book |author=Chris Wickham |title=Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000 |location=Totowa |publisher=Barnes and Noble |year=1981 |pages=62, 154 |isbn=978-0-389-20217-2}}</ref> The city was conquered and the emirate extinguished in 871 following [[Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)|five-year campaign]] by [[Emperor Louis II|Frankish Emperor Louis II]], assisted by a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet.<ref>{{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 1 | chapter = The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095 |first=Hilmar C. |last=Krueger |page=48}}</ref> Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari, "and then only to a Byzantine/Slav naval blockade"; "Louis took the credit" for the success, adding "at least in Frankish eyes", then concludes by noting that by remaining in southern Italy long after this success, he "achieved the near-impossible: an alliance against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans; later sources include [[Sawdan|Sawadān]] as well."<ref name=Wickham62/> In 885, Bari became the residence of the local Byzantine ''[[catapan]]'', or governor. The failed revolt (1009–1011) of the Lombard nobles [[Melus of Bari]] and his [[brother-in-law]] Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate, though it was firmly repressed at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)]], offered their [[Normans|Norman]] adventurer allies a first foothold in the region.{{cn|date=June 2023}} In 1025, under the [[Byzantius (archbishop of Bari)|Archbishop Byzantius]], Bari became attached to the [[Holy See|see of Rome]] and was granted "[[province|provincial]]" status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BISANZIO - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bisanzio_res-355bc01a-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bisanzio_res-355bc01a-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref>

In 1071, Bari was captured by [[Robert Guiscard]], following a [[Siege of Bari|three-year siege]], ending what remained of the Byzantine power in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robèrto I il Guiscardo duca di Puglia, detto l'Astuto - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-i-il-guiscardo-duca-di-puglia-detto-l-astuto/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-i-il-guiscardo-duca-di-puglia-detto-l-astuto/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref>

In 1095, [[Peter the Hermit]] [[Preaching|preach]]ed the [[First Crusade]] there.<ref name="EB1911" /> In October 1098, [[Urban II]], who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened the [[Council of Bari]], one of a series of [[synod]]s convoked with the intention of reconciling the [[Eastern Church|Eastern]] and [[Western Church]] on the question of the [[filioque]] clause in the Creed, which [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] ably defended, seated at the [[pope]]'s side.<ref>{{Cite web |title=URBANO II, papa - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-urbano-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-urbano-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref>