Editing Baloch people (section)

==History==
===Antiquity===
During the rule of [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], The Baloch were among rebellious [[Medes]] and [[Parthia]]ns who supported [[Bardiya]] against [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] and later allied with [[Darius III]] in [[Battle of Gaugamela|The Battle of Gaugamela]] with [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]].<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2">{{cite book |last1=Afshar |first1=Iraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXFIAAAAMAAJ |title=Balochistan and its ancient civilization |date=1992 |publisher=Printing and Publishing Organization of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance |pages=89–90,101,127,376 |language=fa}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=57}}

Agha Mir Nasir Khan Ahmadzai the author of Seven-volume book on the history of Baloch and Balochistan,<ref name=":Ahmedzai2">{{cite book |author=Mir Naseer Khan Ahmedzai Kambarani Baloch |title=A History of the Baloch and Balochistan (2023) |asin=B0D66DTRMW}}</ref> connects Balochs with [[Medes]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYWGAAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=36 |language=urdu}}</ref> and considers them descendants of the Medes, the people of [[ancient Iran]]. He makes mention of all Baloch tribes<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYWGAAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 1 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=241–251 |language=urdu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8351AAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 4 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=13–16 |language=urdu}}</ref> are descendants of the Medes, who came to Balochistan and settled in [[Ancient history|ancient time]].<ref name=":Ahmedzai2" />

[[Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr]] is a surviving Middle Persian text on Sasanian administrative geography and history,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ŠAHRESTĀNĪHĀ Ī ĒRĀNŠAHR |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sahrestaniha-i-eransahr}}</ref> based on the source, Padishkhwārgar (located at the vicinity of [[Sakastan (Sasanian province)|Segistan]]) was a Sasanian province in [[Late antiquity|Late Antiquity]] and People who contributed to building 21 cities in Padishkhwargar were the Kōfyār "mountain dweller" people called Baločān "Balochs".<ref name=":Alimoradi2">{{cite book |last1=Alimoradi |first1=Pooriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxY4EQAAQBAJ&dq=baloch++++zorostian&pg=PA329 |title="The Wolf Era Ends, and The Sheep Era Starts": Zoroastrian Apocalypticism in The Maʿnī-yi Vahman Yasht |date=2024 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004710580 |page=329 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mansel Longworth Dames]] in 1902 stated that "a theory of the origin of the Baloch people, the largest ethnic group in the region, is that they are of Median descent."<ref>M. Longworth Dames, Balochi Folklore, ''Folklore'', Vol. 13, No. 3 (29 September 1902), pp. 252–274</ref>

The Baloch were among [[Kay Khosrow]] allies and formed part of his army headed by General [[Ashkash]].<ref name=":ashkash2" /><ref name=":The Baloch race2" /> This is depicted in the mythological part of the [[Shahnameh|Shahnamah]] a prose work written in Middle Persian.<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2">{{cite book |last=Badalkhan |first=Sabir |title=Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore |publisher=Universita degli studi di Napoli |year=2013 |isbn=978-88-6719-060-7 |series=Balochistan Monograph Series, V |location=Naples, Italy |pages=20,36,96–97,120}}</ref>
{{blockquote|<poem>
"Next after [[Gostaham]] came shrewd Aškash
endowed with prudent heart and ready brain
An army of warriors of the kuch and Baloch
Scheming war like the faighting-ram
No one in the word has seen(them tun) rheir backs
No one has seen(as much as) one of their fingers unarmed”<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours">{{cite book |last1=Carina،Korn |first1= Jahani،Korn|title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours |pages=49,314–317,248,260|date=2003|publisher= Reichert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ&q=Scheming|isbn=9783895003660}}</ref><ref name="Ferdowsi 2006">Ferdowsi (2006). ''Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings''. Translated by Dick Davis. New York: Viking. {{ISBN|0670034851}}.</ref>
</poem>}}
Also in another piece of this pose which is depicted in the same work:
{{blockquote|<poem>
"Also from Pahlav and Pars and Koch o Baloch"
from the warriors of Gilan and Dasht-e Soroch"<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" /><ref name=":The Baloch race">{{cite book |last1=Dames |first1= Mansel Longworth|title=The Baloch race. A historical and ethnological sketch |pages=22, 26, 29|date=1904|publisher= London, Royal Asiatic society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0RAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Ferdowsi 2006">Ferdowsi (2006). ''Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings''. Translated by Dick Davis. New York: Viking. {{ISBN|0670034851}}.</ref>
</poem>}}
During the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] era, [[Khosrow I|Anoshervan]] and [[Ardashir I|Ardashir]] fought against the Balochs and After initially sustaining a defeat, succeeded in subjugating the Baloch. The Baloch scattered in the Makran(modern-day Balochistan in Iran and Pakistan) and Kerman regions, areas that formed the southeastern frontier of the Sassanid Empire. Periodic uprisings or refusals to pay tribute might have been part of their interactions with the Sassanid kings.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=50–55}}<ref name=":The Baloch race2" /><ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /><ref name="Spooner2" /><ref name=":Zeb2">{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Rizwan Zeb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3UgEAAAQBAJ |title=Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan The Baloch Movement |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2019 |isbn=9781000729924}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from [[Aleppo]] in what is now [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olson |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0313274978 |page=101 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> After the fight against [[abbasid Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun]] under Ameer Hamza the [[Kharijites]] leader<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /><ref>{{cite web |title=meer hamza: a very famous personality in the baloch history |url=http://www.uob.edu.pk/Journals/Balochistan-Review/data/BR%2002%202012/23-31%20Meer%20Hamza,%20A%20very%20Famous%20Personality%20in%20The%20Baloch%20History,%20Ghulam%20Farooq%20Baloch.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=[[University of Balochistan]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward to east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian region]], specially toward [[Sistan]],{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=67}} Iran.

Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the [[Western Iranian languages]], the original homeland of the Baloch tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] region. The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late [[Sasanian]] period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii |access-date=30 December 2014 |last=Elfenbein |first=J. |date=1988}}</ref>

By the 9th century, [[Arab people|Arab]] writers [[Istakhri]], [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] and [[Al-Maqdisi|Al-Muqaddasī]] refer to the Baloch as a distinct ethnical group living in the area between [[Kerman]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Sistan]], and [[Makran]].<ref name="Spooner2" /> [[Ibn Khordadbeh]], in [[Book of Roads and Kingdoms|Kitab al-Masalik wal-Mamalik]], describes the geography of Makran, and mentions the Baloch as They are powerful, numerous, and engaged in animal husbandry, their houses are made of wood. Al-Muqaddasī documented that [[Panjgur District|Panjgur]] was the capital of Makran and that it was populated by people called Baloch.<ref>{{citation |last=Hansman |first=John |title=A Periplus of Magan and Meluhha |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=36 |number=3 |pages=553–587 |year=1973 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00119858 |jstor=613582}}</ref><ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" />{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=85}}

The 12th century Seljuk invasion of [[Kerman]] seemed to have stimulated the further eastwards emigration of the Baloch,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Baloch {{!}} People, History, & Culture {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sistan-Baluchestan]] and [[Kerman province|Kerman]] provinces. By the 13th–14th centuries, waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh, and by the 15th century into the Punjab.<ref name="Spooner2" />

[[Dayaram Gidumal]] writes that a Baloch legend is backed up by the medieval [[Qarmatians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gidumal |first=Dayaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ra86AQAAMAAJ |title=History of Alienations in the Province of Sind: Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner's Office on the Authority of Bombay Government, Resolution No. 12, Dated 2nd January 1878, Revenue Department |date=1888 |publisher=Printed at the "Commissioner's Press" |language=en}}</ref> The fact that the [[Kalmati]]s were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century [[Muhammad Qasim Ferishta]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH7q-DP30HUC |title=Gazetteer |date=1880 |publisher=Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, [[Jalal Khan]] was the ruler and founder of the first Baloch confederacy in 12th century. (He may be the same as [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu]] the last ruler of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8 |location=Bloomington, Indiana |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PA104 103–104]}}</ref>) Jalal Khan left four sons – [[Rind Khan]], Lashar Khan, [[King Hoth Baloch|Hoth Khan]], Korai Khan and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who married his nephew Murad.<ref name=":Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore2" /> Since 12th century Baloch chieftains ruled over most of Balochistan. [[Jalal Khan|Mir Jalal khan]] and [[Mir Chakar Rind|Mir Chakar]] after the establishment of the Baloch Confederation, They extended their dominance on outside the borders of Balochistan, Mir Chakar seized control over Punjab and captured [[Multan]].<ref name=":Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives2">{{cite book |last=Malik |first=Fida Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives |publisher=Saiyid Books |year=2020 |isbn=9789692200028 |page=3}}</ref> The great Baloch kingdom was based on tribal confederationn, Punjab and Balochistan remained under his rule for a period of time .<ref name=":Rathore2">{{cite book |last=Rathore |first=Azad Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3UgEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan The Heights of Oppression |publisher=Partridge Publishing India |year=2021 |isbn=9781543706642}}</ref><ref name=":Zeb2" />

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, professor at [[University of Karachi]], the Baloch migrated from [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]] during the [[Little Ice Age]] and settled in [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,<ref name="Mann20032">{{cite book |last=Mann |first=Michael |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2003 |editor1-last=MacCracken |editor1-first=Michael C. |chapter=Little Ice Age |access-date=17 November 2012 |editor2-last=Perry |editor2-first=John S. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124223238/http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lamb19722">{{cite book |author=Lamb, H. H. |title=Climate: present, past and future |publisher=Methuen |year=1972 |isbn=0-416-11530-6 |location=London |page=107 |chapter=The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).</ref><ref name="NASA Glossary2">{{Cite web |title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=NASA |place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD}}</ref> or alternatively, from about 1300<ref name="miller20122">Miller ''et al.'' 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" ''Geophysical Research Letters'' '''39''', 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see [http://news.agu.org/press-release/unusual-volcanic-episode-rapidly-triggered-little-ice-age-researchers-find/ press release on AGU website] (accessed 11 July 2015).</ref> to about 1850.<ref>Grove, J. M., ''Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern,'' Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.</ref><ref>Matthews, J. A. and Briffa, K. R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], ''Geogr. Ann., 87,'' A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance – AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html |access-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=Ipcc.ch}}</ref>

The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Safavids]] and the [[Mughal emperors]]. Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area, by the 17th century, a tribal [[Brahui people|Brahui]] leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by [[Ahmad I (Kalat)|Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani]] who established the [[Khanate of Kalat]] under the Ahmadzai dynasty.{{refn|A number of unrelated tribes with the name ''Ahmadzai'' exist.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kieffer |first=Ch. M. |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|title= Aḥmadzī|url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmadzi-descendants-of-ahmad-sing|edition= Online|publisher= [[Columbia University]]|location= United States}}</ref> There are two [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes who are unrelated to each other with this name: the [[Ahmadzai (Wazir clan)|Ahmadzai]] who are a [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Waziri tribe]] and the [[Sulaimankhel]] [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]], part of the [[Ghilzai]] confederation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118025854/http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Ethnic_identity.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2007 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |title=Ethnic Identity in Afghanistan |access-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref> However, the Ahmadzai Khans of Khalat were neither of these and belonged to a [[Brahui people|Brahui]] tribe.<ref name="BrunsMiggelbrink2011">{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bruns|author2=Judith Miggelbrink|title=Subverting Borders: Doing Research on Smuggling and Small-Scale Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlULn9od0HoC&pg=PA52|date=8 October 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-531-93273-6|page=52, footnote 12}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2012">{{cite book|first=James|last=Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA48|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-659-1|page=48}}</ref><ref name="Axmann2008">{{cite book|last=Axmann|first=Martin|title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915–1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547645-3|page=22}}</ref>|group="note"}} Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] and the region effectively became part of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Spooner2" />

===Safavid period===
{{further|Safavid dynasty}}
The Baluch tribes revolted against the Safavid government. [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] writes about this: Despite their small numbers, they attacked [[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman Shah]] with their fortifications.<ref name=":Balochistan and its ancient civilization2" />

During the Safavid dynasty sought to incorporate the Baloch regions into its administrative structure, the Baloch tribes maintained their autonomy through resistance, strategic alliances. In the reign of [[Soltan Hoseyn]], a number of Baloch chiefs, ruling Balochistan and neighbouring areas.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=273}}

===Afsharid period===
{{further|Afsharid dynasty}}
After the fall of the Safavids, Iran fell under the control of the [[Afsharid Iran|Afsharid Empire]] ruled by [[Nader Shah]].  Nader Shah sought to consolidate and expand his empire, which brought him into contact with the Baloch. [[Mohammad Khan Baloch]] became military commander in [[Afsharid Iran]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Floor |first1=Willem M. |title=The Rise and Fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports, 1730–1747 |date=2009 |publisher=Mage Publishers |isbn=978-1933823324}}</ref> and  Nader appointed Mohammad Khan Baloch the governor of [[Fars province|fars]], [[Kohgiluyeh County|Kohgiluyeh]] and [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bastani Parizi |first1=Mohammad Ebrahim ([[Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi]]) |title=Kerman History |page=207 |language=fa}}</ref> Many Baloch were moved to Khorasan in order to protect the eastern border from invading Afghans during the reign of afsharid dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mīrńiyā |first1=Alī |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pizh%C5%ABhish%C4%AB_dar_shin%C4%81kht_i_%C4%AAlh%CC%81%C4%81_va/8IwdAAAAMAAJhl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86 |title=Nomadic clans of Khorasan, The political role of the heads of the great clans in the affairs of the country and their relations with the governments and colonialists(In Persian) |date=1990 |page=173 |language=fa}}</ref>

===Khanate of Kalat===
[[File:Amir_miro_khan_baluch.jpg|thumb|Contemporary portrait of Amir Miro Mirwani, Khan of Kalat. created in c. 1700, Balochistan history book<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmadzai Baloch |first1=Mir Naseer Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8351AAAAIAAJ |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Baloc va Balocistān, Volume 4 |date=1988 |publisher=Balocī Ikaiḍamī |pages=41 |language=urdu}}</ref>]]
The [[Khanate of Kalat]] founded in the 16th century by Mir Altaz Sani Khan Qambrani and played an important part of [[History of Balochistan|Baloch history]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hamdam |first=Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3ASEAAAQBAJ |title=The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law and Politics: the Case of the Baloch People |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781698704364}}</ref> The major figure in its establishment was Mir Ahmad Khan, who, established his authority over Kalat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Salman Rafi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IA5ZDwAAQBAJ |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018 |isbn=9781351020688}}</ref> The dynasty established as a tribal confederacy of [[List of Baloch tribes|Baloch and Brahui tribes]] and emerged as a political entity that consolidated the power of these tribes under a single ruler, known as the Khan.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours2" /> Mir Ahmad Khan I was strong enough to capture [[Quetta]], [[Mastung District|Mastung]], and [[Pishin District|Pishin]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal governor]] at Kandahar.

[[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai]] the sixth ruler of  kalat was one of the most prominent and influential rulers of the Khanate of Kalat. He played a crucial role in consolidating Baloch power, unifying the Baloch tribes, and shaping the political and administrative structure of the Khanate.<ref name=":Balochistan In Quest of Freedom2">{{cite book |last=Ramsey |first=Syed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3LOEAAAQBAJ |title=Balochistan In Quest of Freedom |publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited |year=2017 |isbn=9789386834393}}</ref> The border of Balochestan in the reign of Nasir khan stretched from across modern-day Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. Northern Border in areas such as [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] and parts of [[Kandahar]] ([[Balochistan, Afghanistan]]). In the East stretched as far as Punjab including [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], in the south [[Makran coast]] along the [[Arabian Sea]] from [[Karachi]] to [[Bandar Abbas]],  in the western included Persian Balochistan (modern-day Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran), [[Kerman province|Kerman]] and Bandar abbas.<ref name=":The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan2">{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Farhan Hanif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=9780415686143 |page=54}}</ref>

The Khanate of Kalat declined in the early 19th century, losing much of its territory to [[Qajar Iran]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|British Balochistan]].

===Talpur period===
{{further|Talpur dynasty}}
[[File:A_Nautch_in_the_Palace_of_the_Ameer_of_Sind.jpg|right|thumb|190x190px|Baloch [[Emir]] of [[Sindh]] in 1808]]
[[Talpur dynasty|Talpur]] was a Baloch dynasty that originated in the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talpur |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Talpur |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

The Talpur ruled the Sindh  until British conquest of Sindh in 1843. The [[Talpur]] Baloch were a prominent Baloch tribe that rose to power in Sindh during the late 18th century and established their rule. The [[Battle of Miani]] (1843),  took place near [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]], Baloch forces under the last Talpur ruler [[Amir Nasir Khan Talpur]] defeated by the [[East India Company]] led by [[Charles Napier (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Napier]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beasley |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiklDwAAQBAJ |title=The Chartist General |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-51728-5 |page=214}}</ref>

===Modern era===
{{further|Baloch nationalism|Insurgency in Balochistan|Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan}}
For centuries, Balochistan was governed autonomously and local Baloch chieftains ruled Balochistan.{{sfn|Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan|2012|pp=177}}<ref name="Breseeg2">{{Cite book |last=Breseeg |first=Taj Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw0DHAAACAAJ |title=Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development |date=2004 |publisher=Royal Book Company |isbn=9789694073095 |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Balochistan_region_in_the_year_1789.png|thumb|Balochistan in 1789, which included the Kalat Khanate and the states under its rule.]]
From 1666 Balochistan was continuously  under the control of the Khanate of Kalat and ruled by confederacy of Baloch tribes, until the occupation of Balochistan by the British in 1839.<ref name=":The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan2">{{cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rutYnQAACAAJ |title=The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan Aspects of a National Liberation Struggle |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=9781490780917 |page=11,52–53,66}}</ref>
[[File:Baloch_Khans.png|thumb|Sardar Ibrahim Khan Sanjrani, Baloch [[Sardar]] of [[Sistan]], {{c.|1884}}]]
Baloch tribes in the Sarhad resisted the Persian government force. Gamshadzai, [[Yarahmadzai tribe|Yar Ahmadzai]], Ismailzai and Kurd tribes fought against Persian force during 1888.<ref name=":The Baloch Conflict with Iran and Pakistan2" /> [[Sanjrani Chiefdom|Sanjrani]] Baloch ruled [[Seistan]] with its capital at [[Chakhansur District|Chakansur]] in the early and late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ČAḴĀNSŪR |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cakansur-principal-town-of-the-large-kasrud-delta-oasis-in-northeastern-sistan |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baloch |first=Inayatullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=Kesmacoran+(+Kech+-+Makran+)+is+a+kingdom+having+a+king+of+its+own+with+a+peculiar+language+.+%22+It+seems+that |title=The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism |date=1987 |publisher=Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-515-04999-3 |language=en}}</ref> In 1897 the western regions of Balochistan were under the leadership of the chieftains of the Narui tribe.<ref name="Breseeg2" />

Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the [[Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan]] based in [[Mastung, Pakistan|Mastung]] in 1929, led by [[Yousaf Aziz Magsi]], [[Abdul Aziz Kurd]] and others.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khosa |first=Tariq |date=20 July 2020 |title=Baloch Nationalism |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1570090 |access-date=11 January 2023 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> In Pakistan's Balochistan province, insurgencies by Baloch nationalists have been fought in 1948–50, 1958–60, 1962–63 and 1973–1977, with an ongoing low-level insurgency beginning in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Zahid |date=25 April 2013 |title=The battle for Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794058/the-battle-for-balochistan |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> The Baloch population in Pakistan has endured grave violations of human rights, which include extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. These actions are purportedly perpetrated by state security forces and their associates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The untold story of human rights violations in Balochistan: Unveiling the historical context |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-the-untold-story-of-human-rights-violations-in-balochistan-unveiling-the-historical-context-3044953 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref>

The [[First Balochistan conflict|First Balochistan Conflict]] started when three of the princely states of Kalat acceded to Pakistan in 1947 after [[Partition of India|independence]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Syed Farooq Hasnat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |title=Global Security Watch—Pakistan |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34698-9 |page=78}}</ref>

During the [[Second Balochistan conflict]] The Baloch nationalist leader [[Nauroz Khan|Nawab Nauroz Khan]] led an armed rebellion against the central government, demanding greater autonomy. This triggered a major armed conflict, with over 50,000 Baloch fighters resisting the Pakistani military.<ref name="future2">{{cite book |last1=Axmann |first1=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSwauwAACAAJ |title=The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baluch Nationalism |date=2 August 2012 |publisher=OUP Pakistan |isbn=978-0-19-906592-9}}</ref>

The [[Third Balochistan conflict]] began and engaging in guerrilla warfare against the Pakistani military. [[Sher Mohammad Marri|Sher Muhammad Bijrani Marri]] led militants into guerrilla warfare from 1963 to 1969 by creating their own insurgent bases.<ref name="Soviet2">{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Selig S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ&q=Third+Balochistan+conflict+-wikipedia |title=Baloch nationalism and Soviet temptation |date=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1}}</ref> This insurgency ended in 1969, with the Baloch separatists agreeing to a ceasefire granting general amnesty to the separatists as well as freeing the separatists.<ref>{{cite book |author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA64 |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |date=4 May 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33696-6 |pages=64–}}</ref>