Editing Baden-Baden (section)

==History==
Roman settlement at Baden-Baden has been dated as far back as the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Hadrian]], but on dubious authority.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} The known ruins of the [[Thermae|Roman bath]] were rediscovered just below the [[New Castle (Baden-Baden)|New Castle]] in 1847{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} and date to the reign of [[Caracalla]] (AD&nbsp;210s),{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} who visited the area to relieve his [[arthritis|arthritic aches]].<ref name=Intro>{{cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/baden-baden/0863010001.html |title=Introduction to Baden-Baden |work=[[Frommer's]] |access-date=15 May 2009 }}.</ref> The facilities were used by the Roman garrison in [[Strasbourg]].{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}}

The town fell into ruin but its church was first constructed in the 7th century.{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} By 1112, it was the seat of the [[Margraviate of Baden]].{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} The [[Lichtenthal Abbey|Lichtenthal Convent]] (''{{lang|de|Kloster Lichtenthal}}'') was founded in 1254.{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} The margraves initially used [[Hohenbaden Castle]] (the Old Castle, ''{{lang|de|Altes Schloss}}''), whose ruins still occupy the summit above the town, but they completed and moved to the [[New Castle (Baden-Baden)|New Castle]] (''{{lang|de|Neues Schloss}}'') in 1479.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} The Margraviate was divided in 1535, with Baden-Baden becoming the capital of the [[Margraviate of Baden-Baden]], while the other portion became the [[Margraviate of Baden-Durlach]]. The [[Baden-Baden witch trials]], an investigating encompassing the entire territory and resulting in hundreds of verdicts, took place in 1627-1631.  Baden<!--sic--> suffered severely during the [[Thirty Years' War]], particularly at the hands of the [[Kingdom of France|French]], who plundered it in 1643.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} They returned to occupy the city in 1688 at the onset of the [[Nine Years' War]], burning it to the ground the next year.{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} The [[margraviate of Baden|margravine]] Sibylla rebuilt the New Castle in 1697, but the [[margraviate of Baden|margrave]] [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William]] removed his seat to [[Rastatt]] in 1706.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} The [[Stiftskirche (Baden-Baden)|Stiftskirche]] was rebuilt in 1753{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} and houses the tombs of several of the margraves.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}}

The town began its recovery in the late 18th century, serving as a refuge for [[Émigré#The French revolution|émigrés]] from the [[French Revolution]].{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} The town was frequented during the [[Second Congress of Rastatt]] in 1797–99{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and became popular after the visit of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] queen in the early 19th century.{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} She came for medicinal reasons, as the waters were recommended for [[gout]], [[rheumatism]], [[paralysis]], [[neuralgia]], skin disorders, and stones.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} The [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Ducal government]] subsequently subsidized the resort's development.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=227}} The town became a meeting place for the nobility and prosperous upper middle classes, who visited the hot springs and the town's other amenities: luxury hotels, the Spielbank Casino,<ref name=Spiel>{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/baden-baden/A26360.html|title=Spielbank |work=[[Frommer's]]|access-date=2009-05-26}}</ref> horse races, and the gardens of the [[Lichtentaler Allee]]. Guests included [[Queen Victoria]], [[Wilhelm I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]], and [[Berlioz]].<ref name=Intro/> The [[Trinkhalle (Baden-Baden)|pumproom]] (''{{lang|de|Trinkhalle}}'') was completed in 1842.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=226}} The [[Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway|Grand Duchy's railway]]'s [[Baden Mainline|mainline]] reached Baden in 1845.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Reaching its zenith under [[Napoleon III]] in the 1850s and '60s, Baden<!--sic--> became "Europe's summer capital".{{sfnp|''EB''|2015}} With a population of around {{nowrap|10&thinsp;000}}, the town's size could quadruple during the tourist season, with the [[Second French Empire|French]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], [[Russian Empire|Russians]], and [[United States of America|Americans]] all well represented.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=226}} (French tourism fell off following the [[Franco-Prussian War]].){{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}

The theater was completed in 1861{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=226}} and a [[Greek Orthodoxy|Greek church]] with a gilt dome was erected on the Michaelsberg in 1863 to serve as the tomb of the teenage son of the prince of [[Principality of Moldavia|Moldavia]] [[Mihail Sturdza]] after he died during a family vacation.<ref>{{citation |last=Winch |first=Michael B. |author-mask=Winch |title=Introducing Germany |page=75 |date=1967 }}</ref> A [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] church was also subsequently erected.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} The casino was closed for a time in the 1870s.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878|p=226}}

[[File:Black Forest Autochrome 05 Baden-Baden.jpg|thumb|Baden-Baden in 1910]]
Just before the [[First World War]], the town was receiving {{nowrap|70&thinsp;000}} visitors each year.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}

{{Main|Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II}}

During the Second World War, 3.1% of the houses in Baden-Baden were completely destroyed by bombs and 125 civilians were killed.<ref>{{citation|surname1=Heinz Bardua|editor-surname1= Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg|periodical=Historischer Atlas von Baden-Württemberg|title=Kriegsschäden in Baden-Württemberg 1939–1945: Beiwort zur Karte 7,11|publication-place=Leonberg|at=p.&nbsp;13|date=1975|language=de|url=https://www.leo-bw.de/media/kgl_atlas/current/delivered/pdf/HABW_7_11.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.leo-bw.de/media/kgl_atlas/current/delivered/pdf/HABW_7_11.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-01-26
}}, Format: PDF, KBytes: 2300</ref> 5.8% of the houses were heavily damaged by bombs.<ref>Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Gemeinden, p. 378. Braunschweig 1952</ref> Lichtenthal, a residential area in the southwest of the town, was hit by bombs and Saint Bonifatius Church was severely damaged on 11 March 1943.<ref>Catholic Parish of Saint Bonifatius: ''Wir über uns'', p. 3. Baden-Baden 2002</ref> Balg, a residential area in the northeast of Baden-Baden, was hit by bombs on 17 December 1944. On 30 December 1944 one third of the buildings of Oos (i.e. about 300 houses), a residential area in the north of the town, was destroyed or heavily damaged by bombs and Saint Dionysius Church was severely damaged as well. On 2 January 1945 the railway station of Oos and various barracks on Schwarzwald Road were heavily damaged by bombs.<ref>Dieter Baeuerle et al. ''Stadtführer Baden-Baden'', p. 14. Baden-Baden 1994</ref> 
After [[World War II]], Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the [[French occupation zone in Germany|French occupation forces in Germany]] as well as of the [[Südwestfunk]], one of Germany's large public broadcasting stations, which is now part of [[Südwestrundfunk]]. From 23–28 September 1981, the 11th [[Olympic Congress]] took place in Baden-Baden's ''{{lang|de|Kurhaus}}''. The [[Festspielhaus Baden-Baden]], Germany's largest opera and concert house, opened in 1998.

[[CFB Baden-Soellingen]], a military airfield built in the 1950s in the [[Upper Rhine Plain]], {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on|sp=us}} west of downtown Baden-Baden, was converted into a civil airport in the 1990s. Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport, or [[Baden Airpark]] is now the second-largest airport in Baden-Württemberg by number of passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adv.aero/fileadmin/pdf/statistiken/2011/ADV-Monatsstatistik_Dezember_2011.pdf |title=ADV Monthly Traffic Report 12/2011 |access-date=2012-06-22 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813065907/http://www.adv.aero/fileadmin/pdf/statistiken/2011/ADV-Monatsstatistik_Dezember_2011.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-13 }}</ref>

In 1981 Baden-Baden hosted the [[Olympic Congress]], which later made the town awarded the designation [[Olympic town]].