Editing BDSM (section)

=== Etymology ===
The term ''[[sadomasochism]]'' is derived from the words ''sadism'' and ''masochism''. These terms differ somewhat from the same terms used in psychology since those require that the sadism or masochism cause significant distress or involve non-consenting partners.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McGreal |first1=Scott A. |date=July 25, 2013 |title=BDSM, Personality and Mental Health |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201307/bdsm-personality-and-mental-health |url-status=live |magazine=Psychology Today |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20191203141049/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/unique%2Deverybody%2Delse/201307/bdsm%2Dpersonality%2Dand%2Dmental%2Dhealth |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> ''Sadomasochism'' refers to the aspects of BDSM surrounding the exchange of physical or emotional pain. Sadism describes sexual pleasure derived by inflicting [[pain]], degradation, humiliation on another person or causing another person to suffer. On the other hand, the masochist enjoys being hurt, humiliated, or suffering within the consensual scenario.<ref name="bdsmdict" /> Sadomasochistic scenes sometimes reach a level that appears more extreme or cruel than other forms of BDSM—for example, when a masochist is brought to tears or is severely bruised—and is occasionally unwelcome at BDSM events or parties.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Sadomasochism does not imply enjoyment through causing or receiving pain in other situations (for example, accidental injury, medical procedures).{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

[[File:Sade (van Loo).png|thumb|left|170px|''Portrait of [[Marquis de Sade]]'' by [[Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo]] (1761)]]
[[File:Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, portrait 3.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Portrait of [[Leopold von Sacher-Masoch]]]]
The terms ''sadism'' and ''masochism'' are derived from the names of the [[Marquis de Sade]] and [[Leopold von Sacher-Masoch]], based on the content of the authors' works. Although the names of de Sade and Sacher-Masoch are attached to the terms sadism and masochism respectively, the scenes described in de Sade's works do not meet modern BDSM standards of informed consent.<ref>cp: ''Marquis de Sade: The 120 Days of Sodom'', Pbl. ReadHowYouWant (1 December 2006), {{ISBN|978-1-4250-3448-1}}, pages 407–409 "'You'll have no further use for these,' he muttered, casting each article into a large grate. 'No further need for this mantelet, this dress, these stockings, this bodice, no,' said he when all had been consumed, 'all you'll need now is a coffin.'"</ref> BDSM is solely based on consensual activities, and based on its system and laws. The concepts presented by de Sade are not in accordance with the BDSM culture, even though they are sadistic in nature.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} In 1843, the Ruthenian physician [[Heinrich Kaan]] published ''{{Lang|la|[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Kaan book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]}}'' (''Psychopathy of Sex''), a writing in which he converts the sin conceptions of Christianity into medical diagnoses. With his work, the originally theological terms ''perversion'', ''aberration'' and ''deviation'' became part of the scientific terminology for the first time.{{Dubious|date=January 2011}} The German psychiatrist [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] introduced the terms ''sadism'' and ''masochism'' to the medical community in his work ''{{Lang|de|Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis}}'' (''New research in the area of Psychopathy of Sex'') in 1890.<ref>Details describing the development of the theoretical construct "perversion" by Krafft-Ebing and his relation to this terms, see Andrea Beckmann, ''Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture'', 2001; 8(#2) 66–95 online at [http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is2/beckmann.html Deconstructing Myths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170806/http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is2/beckmann.html |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>

In 1905, [[Sigmund Freud]] described sadism and masochism in his ''[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]'' as diseases developing from an incorrect development of the child psyche and laid the groundwork for the scientific perspective on the subject in the following decades. This led to the first time use of the compound term ''sado-masochism'' (German ''{{Lang|de|sado-masochismus}}'') by the Viennese psychoanalytic [[Isidor Isaak Sadger]] in their work, "{{Lang|de|Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex}}" ("Regarding the sadomasochistic complex") in 1913.<ref>Isidor Isaak Sadger: "Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex" in: ''Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen'', Bd. 5, 1913, S. 157–232 (German)</ref>

In the later 20th century, BDSM activists have protested against these conceptual models, as they were derived from the philosophies of two singular historical figures. Both Freud and Krafft-Ebing were psychiatrists; their observations on sadism and masochism were dependent on psychiatric patients, and their models were built on the assumption of [[psychopathology]].<ref>Krueger & Kaplan 2001, p. 393: "The DSM nomenclature referring to sexual psychopathology has been criticized as being vague and not having undergone DSM field trials." ('''Note:''' "DSM" here is not related to "BDSM". It is the standard abbreviation for the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]''.)</ref> BDSM activists{{Who|date=November 2014}} argue that it is illogical to attribute human behavioural phenomena as complex as sadism and masochism to the "inventions" of two historic individuals. Advocates of BDSM{{Who|date=November 2014}} have sought to distinguish themselves from widely held notions of antiquated psychiatric theory by the adoption of the term ''BDSM'' as a distinction from the now common usage of those psychological terms, abbreviated as ''S&M''.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}