Editing Aventine Hill (section)

==History==

===Roman===
According to Roman tradition, the Aventine was not included within Rome's original foundation, and lay outside the city's ancient sacred boundary ([[pomerium]]). The Roman historian [[Livy]] reports that [[Ancus Marcius]], Rome's fourth king, defeated the [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]] of [[Politorium]], and resettled them on the Aventine.<ref>Livy, ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)|Ab urbe condita]]'', 1.33.</ref> The Roman geographer [[Strabo]] credits Ancus with the building of a city wall to incorporate the Aventine.<ref>Strabo. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html "Geography"], November 6, 2006.  Retrieved on May 8, 2007.</ref> Others credit the same wall to Rome's sixth king, [[Servius Tullius]]. The remains known as the [[Servian Wall]] used stone quarried at [[Veii]], which was not conquered by Rome until c.393 BC, so the Aventine might have been part-walled, or an extramural suburb.

The Aventine appears to have functioned as some kind of staging post for the legitimate ingress
of foreign peoples and foreign cults into Rome. During the late regal era, Servius Tullius built a [[Temple of Diana (Rome)|temple to Diana]] on the Aventine, as a Roman focus for the new-founded [[Latin League]].  At some time around 493 BC, soon after the expulsion of [[Tarquinius Superbus|Rome's last King]] and the establishment of the [[Roman Republic]], the [[Roman Senate]] provided a temple for the so-called [[Aventine Triad]] of [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], [[Liber]] and [[Libera (mythology)|Libera]], patron deities of the Roman commoners or [[plebs]]; the dedication followed one of the first in a long series of threatened or actual plebeian secessions. The temple overlooked the [[Circus Maximus]] and the [[Temple of Vesta]], and faced the [[Palatine Hill]]. It became an important repository for plebeian and senatorial records. The Aventine's outlying position, its longstanding association with Latins and plebeians and its extra-pomerial position reflect its early marginal status.<ref>Cornell, T., ''The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)'', Routledge, 1995, p. 264.</ref>

It is presumed that the Aventine was [[Ager publicus|public land]], owned by the state on behalf of the Roman people. In c.456 BC a ''Lex Icilia'' allowed or granted the plebs property rights there. By c.391 BC, the city's overspill had overtaken the Aventine and the [[Campus Martius]], and left the city vulnerable to attack; around that year, the [[Gauls]] overran and temporarily held the city. After this, the walls were rebuilt or extended to properly incorporate the Aventine; this is more or less coincident with the increasing power and influence of the Aventine-based [[Aedile|plebeian aediles]] and [[tribunes]] in Roman public affairs, and the rise of a plebeian nobility.<ref>Carter, Jesse Benedict. "The Evolution of the City of Rome from Its Origin to the Gallic Catastrophe"], ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society'', September 2, 1909, pp. 132 - 140. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VlMLAAAAIAAJ&q=Aventine&pg=PA129 googlebooks preview] (link updated 27 November 2010).</ref>

Rome absorbed many more foreign deities via the Aventine: "No other location approaches [its] concentration of foreign cults". In 392 BC, [[Marcus Furius Camillus|Camillus]] established a [[Temple of Juno Regina (Aventine)|Temple of Juno Regina]]. Later introductions include [[Summanus]], c. 278, [[Vortumnus]]  c. 264, and at some time before the end of the 3rd century, [[Minerva]].<ref>Orlin, Eric M., Foreign Cults in Republican Rome: Rethinking the Pomerial Rule, ''Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome'', Vol. 47 (2002), pp. 4-5. For Camillus and Juno, see Stephen Benko, ''The virgin goddess: studies in the pagan and Christian roots of mariology,'' BRILL, 2004, p.27.</ref> 

====Imperial era====
In the imperial era the character of the hill changed and it became the seat of numerous aristocratic residences, including the private houses of [[Trajan]] and [[Hadrian]] before they became emperors and of [[Lucius Licinius Sura]], friend of Trajan who built the private [[Baths of Licinius Sura]]. The emperor [[Vitellius]] and the ''[[Praefectus urbi]]'' [[Lucius Fabius Cilo]] also lived there at the time of [[Septimius Severus]]. The Aventine was also the site of the [[Baths of Decius]], built in 252.

This new character of an aristocratic neighbourhood was probably the cause of its total destruction during the sack of Rome by [[Alaric I]] in 410. {{clarify|date=March 2021}}

The poorer population had meanwhile moved further south, to the plain near the port (''Emporium'') and to the other bank of the Tiber.{{cn|date=March 2021}}

===Modern period===
[[File:Santa Sabina (Rome) - Esterno.jpg|thumb|Basilica [[Santa Sabina]]]]
During the [[Fascism|Fascist]] period, many deputies of the opposition retired on this hill after the [[murder]] of [[Giacomo Matteotti]], here ending—by the so-called "[[Aventine Secession (20th century)|Aventine Secession]]"—their presence at the Parliament and, as a consequence, their political activity.

The hill is now an elegant residential part of Rome with a wealth of architectural interest, including palaces, churches, and gardens, for example, the basilica of [[Santa Sabina]], [[Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio]] and the [[Rome Rose Garden]].