Editing Augustin Barruel (section)

==Late years==

On the fall of the [[French Directory|Directory]] in 1799, Barruel was enabled to return to France.  He fully accepted and persuaded many other clergymen to accept the new political order of things in his native country and he wrote several books to defend his opinions.  When the Concordat was made in 1801 between [[Pius VII]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], Barruel wrote: ''Du Pape et de ses Droits Religieux.''  

In 1806, he was the recipient of the [[Simonini letter]], which claimed to document a conspiracy among the Jews of [[Florence]], [[Italy]] in coalition with the Illuminati.  Barruel never published the letter's contents openly, although he likely circulated copies privately and the letter ended up being published in France's Le Contemporain in the 1870's.
.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oberhauser |first=Claus |title=Simonini's letter: the 19th century text that influenced antisemitic conspiracy theories about the Illuminati |url=http://theconversation.com/simoninis-letter-the-19th-century-text-that-influenced-antisemitic-conspiracy-theories-about-the-illuminati-134635 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The Conversation |date=31 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

His last important controversy was his defense of the [[Holy See]] in its deposition of the French [[bishop]]s, which he said had been necessitated by the new order of things in France established by the [[Concordat of 1801]].  His book appeared also in English: ''The Papal Power, or an historical essay on the temporal power of the Pope.''  Many attacked the work, but as usual, the author did not suffer an antagonist to go unanswered.  His new work involved him in a very extended controversy, for his work was translated into all the principal European languages.  His friends and foes alike became involved in a wordy war. Blanchard published in London no fewer than three refutations.  He had promised to compose two works that never appeared: ''Historie des Sociétés Secrètes au Moyen-Age'' and ''Dissertation sur la Croisade contre les Albigeois''. In regard to the latter work, Barruel stated his object would be to defend the Church against the reproach of having deposed kings and having freed their subjects from the oath of allegiance. He contended that objections on this score arose only from an ignorance of history.  At the time of his death, Barruel was engaged on a refutation of the philosophical system of [[Immanuel Kant]], but never completed his work.  He died in Paris in 1820.