Editing Atlantic slave trade (section)

===European slavery in Portugal and Spain===
{{See also|Slavery in medieval Europe|Slavery in Al-Andalus|Slavery in Portugal|Slavery in Spain|Saqaliba|Black Sea slave trade|Balkan slave trade}}
[[File:Amaro Pargo.jpg|thumb|The Spanish corsair [[Amaro Pargo]], a well-known privateer of the [[Golden Age of Piracy]], participated in the African slave trade in [[Hispanic America]].]]

By the 15th century, slavery had existed in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (Portugal and Spain) of Western Europe throughout recorded history. The [[Roman Empire]] had established [[Roman slavery|its system of slavery]] in ancient times. Historian [[Benjamin Isaac]] suggests proto-racism existed in ancient times among [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman people]]. Racial prejudices were based on dehumanizing the foreign peoples they conquered through warfare.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |title=Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity |journal=[[World Archaeology]] |date=2006 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=32, 42 |doi=10.1080/00438240500509819 |jstor=40023593?seq=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/569b-9a-1361d-9e-34093c-859718f-6ae-9f-4/mode/2up?q=proto-racism |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Benjamin |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400849567 |pages=26, 142, 175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eem1AQAAQBAJ&q=racism}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Isaac |first1=Benjamin |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400849567 |pages=55–60 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/267/monograph/chapter/1205947/pdf}}</ref> Since the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], various systems of [[Slavery in medieval Europe|slavery continued]] in the successor Islamic and Christian kingdoms of the peninsula through the early modern era of the Atlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=William |title=Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia |date=2014 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated |isbn=9780812244915 |pages=9, 18, 32, 57, 150 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbboAQAAQBAJ&q=racism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640 |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810140644/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/origins-slavery/essays/iberian-roots-transatlantic-slave-trade-1440%E2%80%931640 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |language=en}}</ref> In 1441–1444, Portuguese traders first captured Africans on the Atlantic coast of Africa, in what is today [[Mauritania]], taking their captives to [[Slavery in Portugal|slavery in Europe]], and established a fort for the slave trade at the [[Bay of Arguin]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldeira |first=Arlindo |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2024 |chapter=The Portuguese Slave Trade |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903 |access-date=20 May 2024 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903 |series=Oxford Reference |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511002522/https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-903 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Iberian Union Empires.png|thumb|right|A map of the [[Spanish Empire]] (red) and [[Portuguese Empire]]s (blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640)]]

In the [[Middle Ages]], religion and not race was a determining factor for who was considered to be a legitimate target of slavery. While Christians did not enslave Christians and Muslims did not enslave Muslims, both allowed the enslavement of people they regarded to be heretics or insufficiently correct in their religion. This allowed Catholic Christians to enslave Orthodox Christians, and Sunni Muslims to enslave Shia Muslims.<ref name="Korpela,&nbsp;J. 2018">Korpela,&nbsp;J.&nbsp;(2018).&nbsp;Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600.&nbsp;Nederländerna:&nbsp;Brill. 242</ref> Both Christians and Muslims approved of enslaving [[Paganism|pagans]], who came to be a preferred and comparatively profitable target of the slave trade in the Middle Ages:<ref name="Korpela,&nbsp;J. 2018"/> Spain and Portugal were provided with non-Catholic slaves from Eastern Europe via the [[Balkan slave trade]] and the [[Black Sea slave trade]].<ref name="Roşu, Felicia 2021 p. 35-36">{{cite book |last=Roşu |first=Felicia |year=2021 |title=Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam |series=Studies in Global Slavery |volume=11 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |pages=35–36}}</ref>

In the 15th century, when the Balkan slave trade was taken over by the [[Ottoman Empire]]<ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. 117-120</ref> and the Black Sea slave trade was supplanted by the [[Crimean slave trade]] and closed off from Europe, Spain and Portugal replaced this source of slaves by importing slaves first from the conquered [[Canary Islands]] and then from mainland Africa. This was initially from Arab slave traders, via the [[Trans-Saharan slave trade]] from [[Slavery in Libya|Libya]], and then directly from the African West coast through Portuguese outposts, which developed into the Atlantic slave trade<ref>Roşu, Felicia (2021). Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c.900–1900 – Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. Studies in Global Slavery, Volume: 11. Brill, p. 29-31</ref> and expanded significantly after the establishment of the colonies in the Americas in 1492.<ref>The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420.&nbsp;(2021).&nbsp;(n.p.):&nbsp;Cambridge University Press. 48-49</ref>

In the 15th century, Spain enacted a racially discriminatory law named ''[[limpieza de sangre]],'' which translates as "blood purity" or "cleanliness of blood", a proto-racial law. It prevented people with Jewish and Muslim ancestry from settling in the New World. Limpieza de sangre did not guarantee rights for Jews or Muslims who converted to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. Jews and Muslims who [[Old Christian|converted]] to Catholicism were respectively called [[converso]]s and [[morisco]]s. Some Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity hoping it would grant them rights under Spanish laws. After the discovery of new lands across the Atlantic, Spain did not want Jews and Muslims immigrating to the [[Americas]] because the Spanish Crown worried Muslims and non-Christians might introduce Islam and other religions to Native Americans.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V |url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/emperor_charles_v |website=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative |publisher=[[College of Charleston]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726153802/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/emperor_charles_v |archive-date=26 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The law also led to the enslavement of Jews and Muslims, prevented Jews from entering Spain, and from joining the military, universities and other civil services.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maria |first1=Martinez |title=Genealogical Fictions Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico |year=2008 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=9780804756488 |pages=1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cUo8JqYztoC&q=limpieza+de+sangre}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunbar-Ortiz |first1=Roxanne |title=An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States |year=2019 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=9780807049402 |pages=36–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btpmDwAAQBAJ&q=limpieza%20de%20sangra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Blood Cleansing Statutes |url=https://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html |website=Pachami.com |publisher=Center for Research and Dissemination of Sephardic Culture |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123142530/https://pachami.com/Inquisicion/LimpiezaSangre.html |archive-date=23 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayeaux |first1=Stephen |title=Limpieza de Sangre: Legal Applications of the Spanish Doctrine of "Blood Purity" |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2021/09/limpieza-de-sangre-legal-applications-of-the-spanish-doctrine-of-blood-purity/ |website=Library of Congress Blogs |date=10 September 2021 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601050537/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2021/09/limpieza-de-sangre-legal-applications-of-the-spanish-doctrine-of-blood-purity/ |archive-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spain and the Human Diaspora in 1492 |url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/islamic/pages/spain.html |website=[[John Carter Brown Library]] |publisher=[[Brown University]] |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713195143/https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/islamic/pages/spain.html |archive-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> 

Although Jewish conversos and Muslims experienced religious and racial discrimination, some also participated in the slave trade of Africans. In [[Lisbon]] during the 16th and 17th centuries, Muslims financed by Jewish conversos traded Africans across the [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]] and enslaved Africans before and during the Atlantic slave trade in Europe and Africa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9781476737454 |pages=12–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=conversos%20Jews |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726155144/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=conversos%20Jews#v=snippet&q=conversos%20Jews&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[New Spain]], Spaniards applied {{lang|es|limpieza de sangre}} to Africans and Native Americans and created a racial caste system, believing them to be impure because they were not Christian.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martinez |first1=Maria |title=The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=2004 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=479–520 |doi=10.2307/3491806 |jstor=3491806 |url=https://userpages.umbc.edu/~kars/history%20200/martinez.htm |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123145808/https://userpages.umbc.edu/~kars/history%20200/martinez.htm |archive-date=23 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sweet |first1=James H. |title=The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=143–166 |doi=10.2307/2953315 |jstor=2953315 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953315 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simms |first1=Ellen Yvonne |title=Miscegenation and Racism: Afro-Mexicans in Colonial New Spain |journal=[[The Journal of Pan African Studies]] |date=2008 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=228–254 |url=https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no3/MiscegenationandRacism.pdf |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227194333/https://jpanafrican.org/docs/vol2no3/MiscegenationandRacism.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Europeans enslaved Muslims and people practicing other religions as a justification to Christianize them. In 1452, [[Pope Nicholas V#slavery|Pope Nicholas V]] issued [[papal bull]] ''[[Dum Diversas]]'' which gave the King of Portugal the right to enslave non-Christians to perpetual slavery. The clause included Muslims in West Africa and legitimized the slave trade under the Catholic church. In 1454, Pope Nicholas issued ''[[Romanus Pontifex]].'' "Written as a logical sequel to Dum Diversas, Romanus Pontifex allowed the European Catholic nations to expand their dominion over 'discovered' land. Possession of non-Christian lands would be justified along with the enslavement of native, non-Christian 'pagans' in Africa and the 'New World.'"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mark |first1=Charles |last2=Rah |first2=Soon-Chan |title=Unsettling Truths: The Ongoing, Dehumanizing Legacy of the Doctrine of Discovery |date=2019 |publisher=Intervarsity Press |isbn=9780830887590 |page=16 |url=https://globalhealth.emory.edu/_includes/documents/unsettling-truths_chapter-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715213110/https://globalhealth.emory.edu/_includes/documents/unsettling-truths_chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9781476737454 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=dum%20diversas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colonization, Captivity, and Catholic Authority |url=https://www.searchablemuseum.com/1400s-papal-bulls |website=National Museum of African American History and Culture |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140128/https://www.searchablemuseum.com/1400s-papal-bulls/ |archive-date=1 August 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dum Diversas and Romanus Pontifex may have had an influence with the creation of doctrines supportive of empire building.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lind |title=Doctrines of Discovery |journal=Wash. U. Jue. Rev |date=2020 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=law_jurisprudence |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630221307/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=law_jurisprudence |archive-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>

In 1493, the [[Discovery doctrine#Historical background|Doctrine of Discovery]] issued by [[Pope Alexander VI]], was used as a justification by Spain to take lands from non-Christians West of the [[Azores]]. The Doctrine of Discovery stated that non-Christian lands should be taken and ruled by Christian nations, and Indigenous people (Africans and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]) living on their lands should convert to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493 |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/doctrine-discovery-1493?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIz86r6e7pgwMVGWlHAR3vlgo9EAAYASAAEgL66PD_BwE |website=The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119170040/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/doctrine-discovery-1493?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIz86r6e7pgwMVGWlHAR3vlgo9EAAYASAAEgL66PD_BwE |archive-date=19 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua |title=Doctrine of Discovery |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Doctrine_of_Discovery/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705054414/https://www.worldhistory.org/Doctrine_of_Discovery/ |archive-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull called ''[[Inter caetera|Inter Caetera]]'' which gave Spain and Portugal rights to claim and colonize all non-Christian lands in the [[Americas]] and enslave Native Americans and Africans.<ref>{{cite web |title=AD 1493: The Pope asserts rights to colonize, convert, and enslave |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/171.html |website=National Library of Medicine |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228150254/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/171.html |archive-date=28 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Inter Caetera also settled a dispute between Portugal and Spain over those lands. The declaration included a north–south divide 100 leagues West of the Cape Verde Islands and gave the Spanish Crown exclusive rights to travel and trade west of that line.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Modrow |last2=Smith |title=The Papal Bull Inter Caetera of May 4, 1493 |url=https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf |website=Doctrineofdiscovery.org |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326213351/https://doctrineofdiscovery.org/assets/pdfs/Inter_Caetera_Modrow&Smith.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3907968 |title=The bull of Julius II in Portuguese archives |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730145139/https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=3907968 |archive-date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Noah-Curses-Ham.jpg|thumb|right|[[Noah]] curses [[Ham (Bible)|Ham]] by [[Gustave Dore|Gustave Doré]] – the [[curse of Ham]] was used as a justification to enslave Africans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sweet |first1=James H. |title=The Iberian Roots of American Racist Thought |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=1997 |volume=54 |issue=1 |page=149 |doi=10.2307/2953315 |jstor=2953315 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953315 |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>]]

In Portugal and Spain people had been enslaved because of their religious identity, race had not been a developed factor for enslaving people; nonetheless, by the 15th century, Europeans used both race and religion as a justification to enslave [[sub-Saharan]] Africans. An increase of enslaved African people from [[Senegal]] occurred in the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century. As the number of Senegalese slaves grew larger Europeans developed new terminologies that associated slavery with skin color. The Spanish city of [[Seville]] had the largest [[Afro-Spaniards|African population]]. "The [[Treaty of Alcáçovas|Treaty of Alcacuvas]] in 1479 provided traders the right to supply Spaniards with Africans."<ref>{{cite web |title=Africans in Spanish America |url=https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/SpanishAmA.htm |website=African American Heritage and Ethnography |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240831185137/https://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/SpanishAmA.htm |archive-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

In addition, in the 15th century, [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Annio da Viterbo|Annius of Viterbo]] invoked the [[Curse of Ham#Racism and slavery|curse of Ham]], from the [[Curse of Ham|biblical story]] of enslavement, to explain the differences between Europeans and Africans in his writings. Annius, who frequently wrote of the "superiority of Christians over the [[Saracens]]", claimed that due to the curse imposed upon [[Black people]], they would inevitably remain permanently subjugated by [[Arabs]] and other [[Muslims]]. He wrote that the fact that so many Africans had been [[Arab slave trade|enslaved even by the heretical Muslims]] was supposed proof of their inferiority. Through these and other writings, European writers established a hitherto unheard of connection between a cursed people, Africa and slavery, which laid the ideological groundwork for justifying the transatlantic slave trade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Onyemechi Adiele |first1=Pius |title=The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839 |year=2017 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=9783487312026 |pages=185–188 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-popes-the-catholic-church-and-the-transatlantic-enslavement-of-black-africa/mode/2up?q=curse+of+ham}}</ref><ref name="Whitford 105">{{Cite book |last=Whitford |first=David M. |year=2017 |title=The Curse of Ham in the Early Modern Era |pages=105ff |publisher=[[Routledge]] |doi=10.4324/9781315240367 |isbn=9781315240367}}</ref> The term "race" was used by the English beginning in the 16th century and referred to family, lineage, and breed. The idea of race continued to develop further through the centuries and was used as a justification for the continuation of the slave trade and racial discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism |url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm |archive-date=14 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=The Slave Trade The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=9781476737454 |pages=35–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=christian%20slaves |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726155146/https://books.google.com/books?id=lzuEzmO81GwC&q=christian%20slaves#v=snippet&q=christian%20slaves&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rattansi |first1=Ali |title=Racism: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn) |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780198834793 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/28433/chapter-abstract/228912770?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116155602/https://academic.oup.com/book/28433/chapter-abstract/228912770?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barksdale |first1=Dante |last2=Hutton |first2=Shennan |title=Was Slavery Always Racial? |url=https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/ojtyhrs56f1fqruhe701oo4drhv8r96z |website=[[University of California, Davis Campus]] |publisher=California Historical Society & California History-Social Science Project |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116162459/https://ucdavis.app.box.com/s/ojtyhrs56f1fqruhe701oo4drhv8r96z |archive-date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Spanish privateer and merchant [[Amaro Pargo]] (1678-1747) managed to transport slaves to the [[Caribbean]], although, it is estimated, to a lesser extent than other captains and figures of the time dedicated to this activity.<ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1">{{Cite web|url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2023/12/amaro-pargo-esclavitud/|title=Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud|website=diariodeavisos.elespanol.com|date=17 December 2023 }}</ref> In 1710, the privateer was involved in a complaint by the priest Alonso García Ximénez, who accused him of freeing an African slave named Sebastián, who was transported to [[Venezuela]] on one of Amaro's ships. The aforementioned Alonso García granted a power of attorney on July 18, 1715 to Teodoro Garcés de Salazar so that he could demand his return in [[Caracas]]. Despite this fact, Amaro Pargo himself also owned slaves in his domestic service.<ref name="amaropargoesclavitud_1"/>